{"version":"0.3.0-draft","name":"Patent classification to National Capability Framework crosswalk","status":"First pass, not reviewed","note":"Each capability has a list of classification entries. An entry stands for itself and everything beneath it in the scheme, down to the finest subgroup, less any entry listed as an exclusion. A patent family counts towards a capability when any of its Cooperative or International classification codes falls under one of the capability's entries, so one family can count towards several capabilities. The match is on technology, not on use.","fits":{"direct":{"label":"Direct","meaning":"The capability is itself a technology or a kind of physical system, and the classification names it."},"tools":{"label":"Through its tools","meaning":"The classification names the equipment or technology the capability draws on, not the capability. The count says how much is being invented for it, not how well it is done."},"whole":{"label":"The whole record","meaning":"Every patent family counts. The number of families is itself the indicator."},"none":{"label":"No match","meaning":"The capability is about people, institutions or relationships. No classification entry describes it."}},"capabilities":[{"id":"3GKXK8FP0G","fit":"direct","rules":[["C08J5/04","Polymers reinforced with fibres"],["C08J5/24","Prepregs: fibre materials impregnated with curable resin"],["B29C70/04","Shaping fibre-reinforced plastic composites"],["C04B35/71","Ceramic-matrix composites with reinforcing fibres or whiskers"],["D01F9/12","Carbon fibre and its manufacture"],["C22C14/00","Titanium alloys"],["C22C19/00","Nickel and cobalt alloys, including superalloys"],["C22C21/00","Aluminium alloys"],["C22C23/00","Magnesium alloys"],["C22C27/00","Refractory-metal alloys such as tungsten, molybdenum, niobium"],["C22C30/00","Multi-principal-element alloys, including high-entropy alloys"],["C22C47/00","Making fibre-reinforced metal-matrix composites"],["C22C49/00","Fibre-reinforced metal-matrix composites"],["F41H5/00","Armour and armour plate"],["F41H1/02","Body armour and composite ballistic fabrics"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Steel (C22C38) is left out because its volume would swamp the composites and light alloys."},{"id":"EFGR7R6K02","fit":"direct","rules":[["C23C14/00","Vacuum-deposited coatings: evaporation, sputtering, ion implantation"],["C23C4/00","Thermal-spray coatings"],["C23C28/00","Multi-layer engineered coatings on metals"],["C09D5/08","Anti-corrosive coatings"],["C09D5/16","Antifouling and underwater coatings"],["C09D5/24","Electrically conducting coatings"],["C09D5/32","Radiation-absorbing coatings"],["C09K9/00","Photochromic and thermochromic materials"],["C09K5/02","Phase-change materials for heat storage and transfer"],["C09K3/18","Ice-repellent and water-repellent surface materials"],["H10N30/85","Piezoelectric and electrostrictive materials"],["C22F1/006","Shape-memory alloys"],["C08L2201/12","Shape-memory polymers"]],"exclude":[],"note":"No single entry names smart materials; shape-memory entries are CPC only, and chemical vapour deposition (C23C16) is counted under Semiconductor Equipment & Materials instead."},{"id":"H6EDVXCQ0Q","fit":"direct","rules":[["B82","Nanotechnology: nanostructures, their manufacture and their uses"],["C01B32/15","Nano-carbon: graphene, nanotubes, fullerenes"],["Y10S977/00","Older US nanotechnology cross-reference collection"],["G02B1/002","Optical metamaterials and photonic crystals"],["H01Q15/0086","Electromagnetic metamaterials for radio waves"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Metamaterials can only be separated in CPC; in IPC they sit inside general optical-element and antenna-reflector groups."},{"id":"AHQ2Z8FP1N","fit":"direct","rules":[["H01F1/00","Magnetic materials, including rare-earth permanent magnet alloys"],["H01F7/02","Permanent magnets"],["H01F6/00","Superconducting magnets and coils"],["H01B12/00","Superconducting wires, cables and conductors"],["H10N60/85","Superconducting active materials"],["H10N60/01","Manufacture of superconducting devices, wires and tapes"],["C04B35/45","Copper-oxide ceramics, the high-temperature superconductors"],["Y10S505/00","Older US superconductor technology collection"],["G02F1/355","Non-linear optical materials"],["H01S3/16","Solid laser gain materials"],["C03C13/04","Glass compositions for optical fibre"],["C03B37/012","Preforms for drawing optical fibre"],["C30B29/30","Niobate and tantalate single crystals for photonics"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Photonic materials are scattered; these entries cover laser, non-linear and fibre materials but not every optical material."},{"id":"XG4SE74C1K","fit":"direct","rules":[["C06B","Explosive and thermic compositions and their manufacture"],["C06C","Detonators, primers and fuses"],["C06D","Propellant gas generation and smoke compositions"]],"exclude":[],"note":""},{"id":"EMBM2M9E1B","fit":"direct","rules":[["B33Y","Additive manufacturing: processes, machines, materials, products"],["B29C64/00","Additive manufacturing of plastics"],["B22F10/00","Additive manufacturing from metal powder"],["B22F12/00","Machines for metal additive manufacturing"],["B28B1/001","Additive manufacturing of ceramics and concrete"],["B23K26/342","Laser build-up welding and cladding"],["B23K15/00","Electron-beam welding and cutting"],["G05B19/18","Numerical control of machine tools"],["B23H","Electrical discharge and electrochemical machining"],["B24B13/00","Grinding and polishing of optical surfaces"]],"exclude":[],"note":"General machine-tool subclasses (B23Q, B23B, B23C, B24B) are left out as too broad, so the precision side is represented only by control and non-conventional machining."},{"id":"X1ETSGZE1C","fit":"tools","rules":[["B01J19/0093","Microreactors"],["B01J2219/00781","Microreactor design aspects"],["B01J19/24","Fixed flow reactors without moving parts"],["B01J8/00","Fluid-solid reactors: fixed and fluidised beds"],["B01J10/00","Gas-liquid reaction processes and apparatus"],["B01J12/00","Gas-gas reaction processes and apparatus"],["B01J14/00","Liquid-liquid reaction processes and apparatus"]],"exclude":[],"note":"The scheme names reactor types, not continuous-flow or intensified processing as such; microreactors are separable only in CPC."},{"id":"M079CQ720P","fit":"direct","rules":[["H01M","Batteries: cells, electrodes, electrolytes, casings and manufacture"],["H01G11/00","Supercapacitors and hybrid capacitors"]],"exclude":["H01M8/00","H01M2250/00"],"note":"Fuel cells are carved out of H01M and counted under Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels."},{"id":"51GDXAG414","fit":"direct","rules":[["C25B1/04","Hydrogen by electrolysis of water"],["C25B9/00","Electrolyser cells and stacks"],["C25B11/00","Electrolyser electrodes"],["C25B15/00","Operating and servicing electrolysers"],["C01B3/00","Hydrogen production, purification and reversible storage"],["Y02E60/32","Hydrogen storage"],["C01C1/04","Ammonia synthesis"],["H01M8/00","Fuel cells"],["H01M2250/00","Fuel cell applications and system features"],["F02M21/0206","Feeding engines with hydrogen or ammonia"],["C10G2/00","Synthetic liquid fuels from carbon oxides, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch"],["C10G3/00","Hydrocarbon fuels from fats, oils and other biomass"],["C10L1/02","Oxygenated liquid fuels such as biodiesel and alcohol blends"],["C12P7/06","Fuel ethanol by fermentation"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Electrolyser cell, electrode and operation entries (C25B9, C25B11, C25B15) also cover other electrolysis such as chlor-alkali; hydrogen storage and engine feeding are CPC only."},{"id":"DYT5KB3F1Z","fit":"direct","rules":[["H10F10/00","Solar cells"],["H10F19/00","Photovoltaic modules and integrated cell assemblies"],["H10F71/00","Manufacture of solar cells and other light-sensitive devices"],["H10K30/00","Organic and perovskite solar cells and photodetectors"],["H10K85/50","Perovskite absorber materials"],["H01G9/20","Dye-sensitised solar cells"],["F03D","Wind turbines"],["F03B13/12","Wave and tidal power"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Solar entries are new (H10F); the older H01L31 is absent from the scheme, so earlier IPC-only Chinese solar patents are missed, and wind (F03D) is larger than all the solar entries together."},{"id":"00BV57J50X","fit":"direct","rules":[["G21B","Fusion reactors"],["G21C","Nuclear reactors, fuel elements and fuel handling"],["G21D","Nuclear power plant"],["G21F9/00","Treatment of radioactive waste and decontamination"],["B01D59/00","Isotope separation, including enrichment"],["H05H1/02","Magnetic confinement and heating of plasma"],["C01G43/00","Uranium compounds"]],"exclude":["G21B3/00"],"note":"Alleged cold fusion (G21B3) is carved out."},{"id":"6ETBWPAY0D","fit":"direct","rules":[["F41H13/0043","Directed-energy weapons: laser, microwave, radio-frequency beams"],["F41H13/0093","Electromagnetic pulse devices"],["H01S3/23","Combined and amplified multi-laser arrangements for high power"],["H01J25/00","High-power microwave tubes: klystrons, magnetrons, travelling-wave tubes"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Directed-energy weapons are separable only in CPC (in IPC F41H13/00 also holds stun guns and nets); the laser and microwave-tube entries are the underlying technology, not weapons as such."},{"id":"1W9YVWCN49","fit":"direct","rules":[["G06F30/30","Circuit design automation: logic, layout, verification"],["G06F2115/00","Circuit types addressed by design automation"],["G06F2117/00","Aims of circuit design, e.g. low power, testability"],["H10D89/10","Integrated circuit layouts"],["H10D84/90","Gate arrays and standard-cell integrated circuits"]],"exclude":[],"note":"G06F30 dates from 2020 and the earlier G06F17/50 is absent from the scheme, so older design-automation patents are missed; H10D89/10 is thin in IPC."},{"id":"WPY8136006","fit":"direct","rules":[["H10P","Semiconductor manufacturing processes: deposition, etch, implant, lithography steps"],["H10D30/01","Manufacture of field-effect transistors"],["H10D30/62","FinFET transistors"],["H10D30/501","Nanosheet and gate-all-around transistors"],["H10D84/00","Integrated circuits on semiconductor wafers, e.g. CMOS"],["H10D88/00","Three-dimensional integrated devices"],["H10B","Memory devices: DRAM, flash, resistive and magnetic memory"],["H10W10/00","Isolation regions between components in chips"],["H10W20/00","On-chip interconnections and through-silicon vias"]],"exclude":["H10P72/00","H10D84/90","H10B80/00"],"note":"Older H01L entries are absent from the scheme, so documents carrying only H01L codes are not matched; wafer-handling apparatus and memory assemblies are carved out to sibling capabilities."},{"id":"D7FWJJE206","fit":"direct","rules":[["G03F","Photolithography: exposure tools, photoresists, masks"],["H10P72/00","Wafer handling, holding and processing apparatus"],["H01J37/32","Plasma processing chambers for etch and deposition"],["H01J37/30","Electron-beam and ion-beam tools, including ion implanters"],["C23C16/00","Chemical vapour deposition and atomic layer deposition"],["C30B","Single-crystal growth and epitaxy for wafers"],["C09G1/02","Polishing slurries for wafer planarisation"],["C09K13/00","Etching compositions"],["G01N21/9501","Optical inspection of semiconductor wafers"]],"exclude":["C30B29/30","C30B29/36","C30B29/38","C30B29/40"],"note":"Chemical vapour deposition and crystal growth also serve non-semiconductor uses; wafer inspection is CPC only."},{"id":"ZN3NJYQW68","fit":"direct","rules":[["H10W","Semiconductor packages, interposers, bonding, encapsulation and thermal control"],["H10B80/00","Stacked and assembled memory packages"],["H10D80/00","Assemblies of multiple semiconductor devices"]],"exclude":["H10W10/00","H10W15/00","H10W20/00"],"note":"Coverage is mainly CPC: the package entries H10W72 and H10W90 carry almost no IPC use, and the older H01L23 and H01L25 are absent from the scheme."},{"id":"H4YJ782F1R","fit":"direct","rules":[["H10D62/85","Group III-V semiconductor bodies, e.g. gallium nitride, gallium arsenide"],["H10D62/8325","Silicon carbide device bodies"],["H10D62/8303","Diamond device bodies"],["H10D62/82","Heterojunction device bodies"],["H10D30/47","High-electron-mobility transistors"],["H10D12/00","Insulated-gate bipolar transistors"],["H10D30/64","Power DMOS transistors"],["H10D8/60","Schottky diodes"],["H10D18/00","Thyristors"],["C30B29/36","Silicon carbide and other carbide crystals"],["C30B29/38","Nitride crystals"],["C30B29/40","Group III-V compound crystals"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Silicon carbide and diamond devices are separable only in CPC; older H01L entries are absent from the scheme, so documents carrying only H01L codes are not matched."},{"id":"EEFHJ9SJ2Q","fit":"direct","rules":[["G06N3/06","Hardware for neural networks, including AI accelerator chips"],["G06F15/76","Processor architectures, including parallel arrays and systems on chip"],["G06F15/173","Interconnection networks between processors"],["G06T1/20","Graphics processor architectures"],["G06F9/3885","Parallel execution units within processors"],["G06F9/3877","Coprocessors and accelerators"]],"exclude":[],"note":"No entry names supercomputers; the two G06F9 entries are CPC only."},{"id":"AH3D4HX51F","fit":"direct","rules":[["G06N3/02","Neural networks: architectures and learning methods"],["G06N20/00","Machine learning"],["G06N7/01","Probabilistic graphical models"]],"exclude":["G06N3/06"],"note":"Neural-network hardware (G06N3/06) is counted under High-Performance & AI Computing; foundation models have no entry of their own."},{"id":"F4GA2HBF1E","fit":"direct","rules":[["G06V","Image and video recognition"],["G06F18/00","Pattern recognition"],["G06F40/00","Natural language processing"],["G10L15/00","Speech recognition"],["G10L13/00","Speech synthesis"],["G06N5/00","Knowledge-based systems and automated reasoning"],["G16H50/20","Computer-aided medical diagnosis"],["G06Q10/04","Forecasting and optimisation for management"],["G06F30/27","Engineering design using machine learning"],["G06T2207/20081","Image analysis using trained models"],["G06T2207/20084","Image analysis using neural networks"],["G05B13/027","Adaptive control using neural networks"]],"exclude":["G06N5/045"],"note":"The older image-recognition entry G06K9 is absent from the scheme; the image-analysis and control entries are CPC only."},{"id":"T266WRYB20","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06N5/045","Explainable and interpretable AI"]],"exclude":[],"note":"The scheme has no entry for AI evaluation, robustness or alignment; explainability is the only adjacent entry, and adversarial learning (G06N3/094) was rejected as mostly generative-network training."},{"id":"TRDFGP7J2V","fit":"direct","rules":[["G06N10/00","Quantum computing: processors, algorithms, error correction, software"],["H10D48/383","Quantum-effect semiconductor devices, including spin qubits"],["H10N60/12","Josephson-junction devices"],["H10N69/00","Integrated superconducting circuits"],["H03K19/195","Superconducting logic circuits"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Semiconductor qubit devices are CPC only; Josephson devices also serve sensing."},{"id":"8M8XMR9X07","fit":"direct","rules":[["H04B10/70","Photonic quantum communication"],["H04L9/0852","Quantum cryptography and quantum key distribution"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Quantum key distribution is separable only in CPC; in IPC it sits inside H04L9/08 with all key management."},{"id":"VMXVW59Y0T","fit":"direct","rules":[["G01R33/035","Superconducting magnetometers (SQUIDs)"],["G01R33/26","Optically pumped magnetometers"],["G01R33/323","Optically detected magnetic resonance, e.g. diamond defect sensors"],["G01C19/60","Atomic-spin and magnetic-resonance gyroscopes"],["G04F5/14","Atomic clocks"],["H03L7/26","Atomic frequency standards"]],"exclude":[],"note":"The scheme has no quantum-sensing entry, so this is a thin set of device types; atomic clocks are shared with Precision Timing & Atomic Clocks."},{"id":"NVJC13B329","fit":"direct","rules":[["H04L9/3093","Lattice-based public-key cryptography"],["H04L9/304","Code-based public-key cryptography, e.g. McEliece"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Only separable in CPC; in IPC these sit inside H04L9/30 with all public-key cryptography, and hash-based signatures have no entry."},{"id":"RS01993T07","fit":"direct","rules":[["H04B10/00","Optical transmission systems: fibre and free-space"],["H04J14/00","Optical multiplexing, e.g. wavelength division"],["G02B6/00","Optical fibres, waveguides, couplers and photonic integrated circuits"],["H04Q11/0001","Optical switching"],["H01S5/00","Semiconductor lasers"],["H01S3/067","Fibre lasers and fibre amplifiers"]],"exclude":["H04B10/70","G02B6/0001"],"note":"Light guides for lighting and display backlights (G02B6/0001) can be carved out only in CPC, so IPC counts for G02B6 include them."},{"id":"QRYJVA801Z","fit":"direct","rules":[["H04W","Wireless communication networks, including mobile standards"],["H04B7/00","Radio transmission: multi-antenna, relay and satellite links"],["H04L5/00","Multi-carrier resource allocation and pilot signalling"],["H04L27/26","Multi-carrier modulation such as OFDM"],["H04L1/18","Automatic retransmission protocols"]],"exclude":["H04W84/18","H04W12/00","H04B7/22"],"note":"Self-organising networks, scatter links and wireless security are carved out to sibling capabilities."},{"id":"Q2BGP4XP0S","fit":"direct","rules":[["H04W84/18","Self-organising, ad-hoc, mesh and sensor networks"],["H04B13/02","Communication through the earth or through water"],["H04B11/00","Acoustic communication, including underwater"],["H04B7/22","Scatter-propagation radio links"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Tactical and undersea-cable communication have no entries of their own, so this is a narrow proxy."},{"id":"4MZ9YZKS2J","fit":"direct","rules":[["G06F21/50","Platform integrity: malware and intrusion detection, secure boot"],["G06F21/60","Protecting data: access control and encryption services"],["G06F21/70","Hardware security of computer components"],["H04L63/00","Network security: firewalls, access control, malicious-traffic detection"],["H04L9/40","Network security protocols"],["H04W12/00","Wireless network security"]],"exclude":["G06F21/6245","G06F21/64","H04L63/08","H04W12/02","H04W12/06"],"note":"H04L63 has no IPC use; IPC-only patents are reached through H04L9/40, which in IPC also includes authentication."},{"id":"NQRD0HNM08","fit":"direct","rules":[["H04L9/00","Cryptography: encryption, keys, signatures, blockchains, homomorphic encryption"],["G06F21/30","Authentication of users and devices, including biometrics"],["G06F21/6245","Protecting personal data, including anonymisation"],["G06F21/64","Data integrity through signatures and certificates"],["H04L63/08","Authentication of entities over networks"],["H04W12/02","Privacy and anonymity in wireless networks"],["H04W12/06","Authentication in wireless networks"]],"exclude":["H04L9/40"],"note":"Personal-data protection and network authentication are CPC only; blockchain (H04L9/50) has no IPC use and is reached in IPC only through H04L9/00."},{"id":"SB73WYFP05","fit":"direct","rules":[["G04F5/14","Atomic clocks"],["H03L7/26","Atomic frequency standards"],["H01S1/00","Masers"],["H04J3/0635","Clock and time synchronisation across networks"],["G04G7/00","Synchronisation of electronic timepieces"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Network time synchronisation is CPC only; in IPC it sits inside H04J3/06 with frame synchronisation."},{"id":"92JJJPB82Q","fit":"direct","rules":[["G01C19/00","Gyroscopes and angular-rate sensors"],["G01C21/10","Inertial navigation and dead reckoning"],["G01C21/04","Navigation by terrestrial means, including the earth's magnetic field"],["G01C21/02","Celestial navigation"],["G01C21/005","Map and terrain matching from several navigation sources"],["G01C25/005","Alignment and calibration of inertial devices"],["G01S19/21","Satellite navigation under jamming and spoofing"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Terrain matching and inertial calibration are CPC only; radio positioning (G01S5) and accelerometers (G01P15) are left out as mostly consumer uses."},{"id":"VYG5EBQH28","fit":"direct","rules":[["G01J3/00","Spectrometry, including hyperspectral imaging spectrometers"],["G01J5/00","Infrared radiation measurement and thermal imaging"],["G01J9/00","Optical phase and wavefront measurement"],["G01S17/00","Lidar systems"],["G01S7/48","Lidar components and signal processing"],["H04N23/20","Infrared cameras"],["H04N5/33","Infrared image conversion"],["H10F39/00","Image sensors and detector arrays"],["H10F30/00","Photodetectors"],["G01D5/353","Fibre-optic sensors"],["G02B23/12","Night-vision and image-intensifying sights"]],"exclude":[],"note":"H10F entries are new and thin in IPC, the older H01L27/146 being absent from the scheme; H10F39 includes consumer camera sensors."},{"id":"R5W4QQ0Y0W","fit":"direct","rules":[["G01S13/00","Radar systems"],["G01S7/02","Radar components, signal processing and countermeasures"],["G01S3/02","Radio direction finding, including passive sensing"],["G01V3/12","Detecting objects with electromagnetic waves"]],"exclude":[],"note":""},{"id":"T1BEM91Z0C","fit":"direct","rules":[["G01S15/00","Sonar systems"],["G01S7/52","Sonar components and signal processing"],["G01S3/80","Acoustic direction finding"],["G01S5/18","Position fixing by sound"],["H04R1/44","Hydrophones and underwater transducers"],["G01H3/00","Measuring vibration with detectors in a fluid"],["G01V1/38","Marine seismic and acoustic surveying"],["B63G8/39","Sonar installations on submarines"]],"exclude":["G01S15/8906","G01S7/52017"],"note":"Medical ultrasound imaging is carved out, but only in CPC; IPC counts for G01S15/89 and G01S7/52 still include it."},{"id":"505KDETD26","fit":"direct","rules":[["B25J","Robots and manipulators: arms, grippers, joints, program control"],["B62D57/032","Legged walking machines"],["A61B34/30","Surgical robots"],["Y10S901/00","Older US robots collection"],["G05B2219/39","Robot control detail: kinematics, calibration, grasping"],["G05B2219/40","Robot control detail: vision, planning, teleoperation"]],"exclude":["B25J21/00","B25J1/00"],"note":"Glove boxes and hand-held manipulators are carved out; exoskeletons (B25J9/0006) are also counted under Human-Machine Interfaces."},{"id":"P7EQBHDX11","fit":"direct","rules":[["G05D1/00","Automatic control of vehicle position, course and altitude"],["B60W60/00","Drive control for autonomous road vehicles"],["G06V20/56","Vehicle perception of surroundings from on-board sensors"]],"exclude":["G05D1/69","G05D1/104","G05D1/0291"],"note":"Assurance and certification of autonomy have no entry; multi-vehicle coordination is carved out to Uncrewed & Collaborative Systems."},{"id":"VSYEC0N507","fit":"direct","rules":[["B64U","Uncrewed aerial vehicles and their equipment"],["B64C39/02","Uncrewed aircraft under the earlier scheme"],["B63G8/001","Uncrewed underwater vehicles and docking stations"],["B63B2035/006","Uncrewed surface vessels"],["F41H7/005","Uncrewed ground vehicles for military or police roles"],["G05D1/69","Coordinated control of several vehicles"],["G05D1/104","Formation flying of several aircraft"],["G05D1/0291","Fleet control of ground vehicles"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Aerial systems are well covered in both schemes; underwater, surface and ground uncrewed vehicles are CPC only."},{"id":"JTVN7J7W40","fit":"direct","rules":[["G06F3/011","Body interaction for virtual reality: head, eye, hand, brain signals"],["G06F3/016","Haptic and force feedback"],["G06F3/017","Gesture-based interaction"],["G02B27/01","Head-up and head-mounted displays"],["G06T19/006","Mixed and augmented reality"],["A61N1/0529","Electrodes for brain stimulation"],["A61B5/375","Brain-wave biofeedback"],["A61F2/72","Nerve and muscle signal control of prostheses"],["B25J9/0006","Exoskeletons"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Mostly separable only in CPC; in IPC, G06F3/01 mixes these with keyboards, touch screens and graphical interfaces, so only head-mounted displays, biofeedback and prosthesis control reach IPC-only patents."},{"id":"SR9QT9QP16","fit":"direct","rules":[["C12Q1/68","Nucleic acid analysis: sequencing, amplification, probes"],["G16B","Bioinformatics and genomic data processing"]],"exclude":[],"note":"C12Q1/68 includes routine nucleic acid diagnostics as well as sequencing, which is separable only in CPC (C12Q1/6869)."},{"id":"GKT52EY61S","fit":"direct","rules":[["C12N15/00","Genetic engineering: recombinant DNA, vectors, gene editing"],["C12N9/22","Nucleases, including gene-editing enzymes"],["C12N2310/20","CRISPR nucleic acids"],["C12N5/10","Genetically modified cells"],["A01K67/0275","Genetically modified animals"]],"exclude":[],"note":"CRISPR is tagged only in CPC; the IPC entries for modified micro-organisms (C12N1/15 to 1/21) are absent from the scheme."},{"id":"SXV2R9FW2K","fit":"direct","rules":[["C12P","Fermentation and enzyme processes for making compounds"],["C12M","Bioreactors, fermenters and cell-culture apparatus"],["C12N5/00","Cell lines and cell culture"],["C12N7/00","Viruses and viral vectors: preparation and purification"],["C07K1/14","Protein extraction and purification"]],"exclude":["C12N5/10"],"note":"Genetically modified cells (C12N5/10) are counted under Synthetic Biology & Genetic Engineering."},{"id":"JH8DZ65Q2E","fit":"direct","rules":[["A61K51/00","Radiopharmaceuticals"],["G21G","Radioisotope production and radioactive sources"],["H05H6/00","Targets for producing isotopes by nuclear reaction"],["H05H13/00","Cyclotrons"],["C07B59/00","Isotope-labelled organic compounds"],["A61N5/10","Radiotherapy: X-ray, gamma, particle beams, brachytherapy"],["G01T1/161","Radiation detection for nuclear medicine"],["A61B6/037","Emission tomography (PET, SPECT)"]],"exclude":["G21G5/00"],"note":"Emission tomography is CPC only; cyclotrons and radiotherapy also serve non-isotope uses."},{"id":"W75WG1C328","fit":"direct","rules":[["A61K39/00","Vaccines and antibody medicines"],["C07K16/00","Antibodies"],["A61K48/00","Gene therapy"],["A61K40/00","Cellular immunotherapy"],["A61K35/17","Lymphocyte and T-cell therapies"],["A61K35/28","Stem cell therapies"],["A61K35/76","Therapeutic viruses and bacteriophages"],["A61K47/68","Antibody-drug conjugates"],["A61K31/7088","Nucleic acid medicines, including RNA therapeutics"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Antimicrobials have no clean entry: the anti-infective activity tags (A61P31) are too broad and include traditional remedies, so they are left out."},{"id":"CHMWBWW32W","fit":"direct","rules":[["B64G1/002","Space launch systems"],["B64G1/14","Space shuttles and reusable spaceplanes"],["B64G1/62","Re-entry, retarding and landing systems"],["B64G5/00","Launch pads, towers and ground fuelling"],["F02K9/00","Rocket engines"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Launch systems are named only in CPC; rocket engines are shared with Advanced Propulsion & Hypersonic Systems."},{"id":"BT6M3JP60W","fit":"direct","rules":[["F02K9/00","Rocket engines"],["F02K7/00","Ramjets, scramjets and pulse jets"],["F23R7/00","Detonation and pulsed combustion chambers"],["F03H1/00","Plasma and ion thrusters"],["B64G1/40","Spacecraft propulsion systems"],["B64C30/00","Supersonic and hypersonic aircraft"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Hypersonic flight has no entry of its own; conventional turbofans (F02K3) and marine propulsion are left out."},{"id":"GJS581S62J","fit":"direct","rules":[["B64G1/10","Satellites, constellations and interplanetary vehicles"],["B64G1/22","Spacecraft equipment: attitude control, power, thermal, docking"],["B64G4/00","Tools for work in space, including in-orbit servicing"],["B64G3/00","Observing and tracking spacecraft"],["H04B7/185","Satellite and airborne communication stations"]],"exclude":["B64G1/40","B64G1/62"],"note":"Spacecraft propulsion and re-entry are carved out to sibling capabilities; satellite communication (H04B7/185) also falls within Advanced Wireless Communication."},{"id":"4YY0M2R160","fit":"direct","rules":[["E21C","Mining and quarrying methods and machines"],["E21F","Mine safety, ventilation, drainage, transport and backfilling"],["E21D1/00","Sinking mine shafts"],["E21D15/00","Props and chocks supporting mine workings"],["E21D20/00","Setting rock bolts in mine roofs and walls"],["E21D21/00","Rock bolts for galleries and longwall workings"],["E21D23/00","Powered roof supports for longwall mining"],["F42D","Blasting methods for rock, mines and quarries"]],"exclude":[],"note":"E21F and the rock-bolt entries also serve tunnelling; ore concentration is placed under Processing & Refining."},{"id":"1A1XWRXX71","fit":"direct","rules":[["E21B","Drilling, completing and producing from wells"],["C09K8/00","Drilling muds, fracturing and well-treatment fluids"],["E02B17/00","Fixed and jack-up offshore platforms"],["B63B35/44","Floating drilling and production platforms"],["F04B47/00","Pumps for lifting fluids from deep wells"],["G01V1/00","Seismic surveying for subsurface exploration"]],"exclude":["G01V1/01"],"note":"E21B also covers water and geothermal wells, and E02B17/00 also covers offshore wind foundations."},{"id":"DZ4GHM7M17","fit":"direct","rules":[["C10G","Oil refining: cracking, hydrotreating, distillation of hydrocarbon oils"],["C10L3/10","Natural gas processing and conditioning"],["C10B","Coke ovens and destructive distillation of coal"],["C22B","Smelting, extraction and refining of non-ferrous metals"],["C21B","Ironmaking in blast furnaces and direct reduction"],["C25C","Electrowinning and electrolytic refining of metals"],["B03B","Wet and gravity concentration of ores"],["B03D","Froth flotation of ores"],["B03C1/00","Magnetic separation of ores"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Steelmaking and rolling are placed under Materials & Inputs; C22B includes metal recovery from scrap."},{"id":"K5G4BQ9Q1X","fit":"direct","rules":[["F17D","Pipeline systems and their monitoring and control"],["F16L1/12","Laying pipelines on or under water"],["F25J1/00","Liquefaction of gases, including natural gas"],["B65G5/00","Underground cavern storage of oil and gas"],["E04H7/02","Site-built bulk storage tanks for liquids and gases"],["B65D88/34","Floating-roof storage tanks"],["B63B25/08","Tanker and gas-carrier cargo containment"],["B63B27/24","Shipboard pipelines for loading and unloading liquid cargo"],["B63B27/30","Offshore transfer of cargo between ships and installations"],["B67D9/00","Loading arms transferring liquids to and from ships"],["B63B22/02","Mooring buoys, including offshore loading buoys"],["B65G53/30","Hydraulic pipeline conveying of bulk solids as slurry"]],"exclude":[],"note":"F17D cannot separate export transmission from domestic gas distribution, and F25J1/00 also covers liquefying air gases and hydrogen."},{"id":"QG2HK4N833","fit":"direct","rules":[["A01G25/00","Field irrigation systems, sprinklers and irrigation control"],["E02B13/00","Irrigation ditches and gravity water distribution"],["E02B11/00","Agricultural land drainage"],["E02B5/00","Irrigation and other artificial water canals"]],"exclude":["A01G25/14"],"note":"A01G25/00 also covers garden and sports-ground watering."},{"id":"TQRB7WHP44","fit":"direct","rules":[["A01K1/00","Animal housing and stable equipment"],["A01K5/00","Feeding devices for livestock"],["A01K7/00","Watering equipment for livestock"],["A01K11/00","Marking and identification of animals"],["A01K31/00","Poultry housing"],["A01K39/00","Feeding and drinking appliances for poultry"],["A01K41/00","Poultry incubators and hatchery equipment"],["A01J5/00","Milking machines"],["A22B","Slaughtering and abattoir equipment"],["A61D","Veterinary instruments and methods"],["Y02A40/70","Tagged livestock and poultry adaptation technologies"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Animal feed (A23K) and veterinary medicines are left out as inputs rather than facilities; A01K1/00 includes pet housing."},{"id":"2KR90GV647","fit":"direct","rules":[["A01K61/00","Culture of fish, shellfish and other aquatic animals"],["A01K63/00","Fish tanks and pond water treatment"],["A01K69/00","Stationary fish-catching devices and traps"],["A01K73/00","Trawls and other drawn fishing nets"],["A01K75/00","Fishing net details and accessories"],["A01K79/00","Bulk fish catching, fish pumps and fish detection"],["A01K80/00","Harvesting oysters, mussels and similar shellfish"],["B63B35/14","Fishing vessels"],["A22C25/00","Fish processing and curing"],["A22C29/00","Shellfish processing"],["A01G33/00","Seaweed and algae cultivation"],["Y02A40/81","Tagged aquaculture technologies"]],"exclude":["A01K63/003"],"note":"Home aquaria can be removed only in CPC (A01K63/003); angling gear is deliberately left out."},{"id":"NS16ANNK69","fit":"direct","rules":[["A01F25/00","Storing harvested crops, including grain stores and silos"],["E04H7/22","Site-built silos and bunkers for bulk solids"],["F25D13/00","Cold rooms and stationary cold stores"],["B60P3/20","Refrigerated goods vehicles"],["A23B7/00","Preservation of fruit and vegetables after harvest"],["A23B9/00","Preservation of stored grain and seeds"],["A23B4/00","Preservation of meat and fish"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Wholesale markets and distribution centres have no entry of their own; preservation entries stand in for post-harvest loss control."},{"id":"3XQT168742","fit":"direct","rules":[["F01K","Steam power plants and combined-cycle plants"],["F22","Steam boilers and steam generation"],["F02C","Gas-turbine plants"],["F23C","Combustion of pulverised and fluid fuels in furnaces"],["F01D15/10","Turbines arranged to drive electric generators"],["Y02E20/14","Tagged combined heat and power generation"],["Y02E20/16","Tagged combined-cycle power plants"],["Y02E20/18","Tagged integrated gasification combined cycle"]],"exclude":[],"note":"F02C also holds aircraft gas turbines; turbine blading in general (F01D) is left out for that reason."},{"id":"RJATPBYW89","fit":"direct","rules":[["G21C","Nuclear fission reactors and their components"],["G21D","Nuclear power plant layout and operation"],["Y02E30/30","Tagged nuclear fission reactor technologies"]],"exclude":["G21C19/42","G21C21/02"],"note":"Fuel reprocessing and fuel fabrication are carved out to the fuel cycle capability; fusion is left to research facilities."},{"id":"YCKCNMAW43","fit":"direct","rules":[["B01D59/00","Isotope separation, including uranium enrichment"],["C01G43/00","Uranium compounds, including conversion products"],["C22B60/02","Extraction of uranium, thorium and other actinides"],["G21C21/02","Manufacture of reactor fuel elements"],["G21C19/42","Reprocessing of irradiated nuclear fuel"],["G21F5/00","Shielded casks for transport and storage of radioactive material"],["G21F9/00","Treatment and disposal of radioactive waste"]],"exclude":[],"note":"B01D59/00 covers separation of isotopes of any element, not only uranium."},{"id":"VN203X4C77","fit":"direct","rules":[["F03B","Water turbines and hydraulic machines, including pumped storage"],["E02B9/00","Hydropower plant civil works and layout"],["Y02E10/20","Tagged hydro energy technologies"]],"exclude":[],"note":"F03B also contains wave and tidal devices (F03B13/12 onward), kept here as power from water."},{"id":"4AHZ108W23","fit":"direct","rules":[["F03D","Wind turbines"],["H02S","Photovoltaic power generation systems and mounting"],["H10F19/00","Photovoltaic modules and assemblies of cells"],["F24S","Solar heat collectors and concentrating solar systems"],["F03G6/00","Mechanical power from solar heat"],["F03G4/00","Mechanical power from geothermal energy"],["F24T","Geothermal collectors and systems"],["C12M1/107","Biogas digesters collecting fermentation methane"],["C10L5/40","Solid fuels from biomass"],["Y02E10/10","Tagged geothermal energy technologies"],["Y02E10/40","Tagged solar thermal energy technologies"],["Y02E10/50","Tagged photovoltaic energy technologies"],["Y02E10/70","Tagged wind energy technologies"]],"exclude":[],"note":"F24S includes domestic solar water heating; individual solar cell design (H10F10/00) is left to Critical Technology."},{"id":"G2SY9RBZ13","fit":"direct","rules":[["H02G","Installation of power cables and overhead lines"],["H02B","Substations, switchgear and distribution boards"],["H01H33/00","High-voltage circuit breakers and switches"],["H01B9/00","Power cables"],["H01B17/00","Line and station insulators"],["H01F27/06","Mounting and supporting of power transformers and reactors"],["H01F27/08","Cooling of transformers"],["H01F29/00","Variable transformers and tap changers"],["H02H7/26","Sectionalised protection of cable and line systems"],["H02J3/36","High-voltage direct-current links between networks"],["G01R31/08","Locating faults in cables and transmission lines"],["Y02E60/60","Tagged high-voltage direct-current transmission"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Transformers have no clean entry; three subgroups of H01F27/00 and H01F29/00 are used to avoid small electronic inductors. H02G and H02B include building-level wiring."},{"id":"RVGK0R7Q35","fit":"direct","rules":[["H02J13/00","Remote monitoring and control of power network equipment"],["H02J3/00","Operation and control of AC networks: balancing, voltage, frequency"],["G06Q50/06","Business systems for energy and water utilities"],["Y04S10/00","Tagged smart-grid systems supporting generation, transmission, distribution"],["Y04S40/00","Tagged communication and IT for power network management"],["Y04S50/00","Tagged electricity market and trading operations"],["Y02E40/70","Tagged smart grids in the energy sector"]],"exclude":["H02J3/36","H02J3/28"],"note":"H02J3/00 also takes in grid connection of distributed generators; G06Q50/06 includes water utilities."},{"id":"8ZPSJXQP08","fit":"direct","rules":[["H02J15/00","Systems storing electric energy for power networks"],["H02J3/28","Network load balancing by energy storage, including batteries"],["F17C","Vessels storing and dispensing compressed or liquefied gases"],["F17B","Variable-capacity gas holders"],["B65G5/00","Underground cavern storage of gas and fuel"],["C01B3/00","Hydrogen production and purification"],["C25B1/04","Hydrogen by electrolysis of water"],["B67D7/00","Fuel dispensing pumps and equipment"],["B60S5/02","Vehicle filling stations and their layout"],["B60L53/00","Electric vehicle charging stations and methods"],["Y02E60/32","Tagged hydrogen storage"],["Y02E60/34","Tagged hydrogen distribution"],["Y02E60/36","Tagged hydrogen production from non-carbon sources"],["Y02E70/30","Tagged storage combined with non-fossil generation"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Battery cells themselves (H01M) are left to Critical Technology; gas distribution pipelines sit in F17D under Resource Infrastructure. B60L53/00 includes on-board chargers."},{"id":"FTZQ2GM080","fit":"direct","rules":[["E02B7/00","Dams, barrages and weirs"],["E02B8/00","Spillways, gates and other barrage details"],["E02B3/04","Bank, coast and harbour protection: dykes, sea walls, breakwaters"],["E02B3/16","Sealing and joints of hydraulic structures"],["E03F1/00","Systems draining storm water and sewage"],["E03F5/10","Storm-water retention and equalising tanks"],["Y02A10/00","Tagged coastal and river-basin flood adaptation"]],"exclude":[],"note":"E03F1/00 is shared with Wastewater & Sanitation because the entry does not separate storm water from sewage."},{"id":"H5PZTZJR43","fit":"direct","rules":[["E03B","Obtaining, collecting, storing and distributing water"],["C02F1/00","Physical and chemical treatment of water"],["C02F5/00","Water softening and scale prevention"],["C02F9/00","Multistage water treatment"],["E04H12/30","Water towers"]],"exclude":["E03B5/00"],"note":"C02F1/00 and C02F9/00 do not separate drinking water from waste water and are shared with Wastewater & Sanitation; only CPC codes under C02F2103/00 can tell them apart."},{"id":"3QBNZ6WS09","fit":"direct","rules":[["C02F1/44","Water treatment by reverse osmosis and other membranes"],["C02F1/04","Water treatment by distillation or evaporation"],["B01D61/02","Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration processes"],["C02F2103/08","Seawater as the water treated, for desalination"],["Y02A20/124","Tagged water desalination"],["E03B5/00","Pumping plants for water supply"],["E02B5/00","Artificial water canals"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Desalination is isolated cleanly only by the CPC entries C02F2103/08 and Y02A20/124; the IPC membrane and distillation entries also cover other water treatment."},{"id":"MW9V7SAV19","fit":"direct","rules":[["C02F3/00","Biological treatment of waste water and sewage"],["C02F11/00","Treatment of sewage sludge"],["C02F1/00","Physical and chemical treatment of waste water"],["C02F9/00","Multistage treatment of waste water"],["E03F","Sewers, sewer structures and cesspools"],["A47K11/00","Dry and non-flushing toilets"],["Y02W10/00","Tagged wastewater treatment technologies"]],"exclude":["E03F5/10"],"note":"Flush toilets and domestic plumbing (E03D, E03C) are left out as household fittings."},{"id":"7WY5E7D968","fit":"direct","rules":[["B09B","Disposal and treatment of solid waste, including landfill"],["B65F","Refuse collection, bins, vehicles and transfer"],["F23G","Waste incineration and incinerators"],["B03B9/06","Sorting plants for refuse"],["B29B17/00","Recovery of plastics from waste"],["C08J11/00","Recovery and working-up of waste polymers"],["C05F9/00","Fertiliser from household and town refuse"],["C05F17/00","Composting and biological treatment of organic waste"],["H01M10/54","Recycling of spent batteries"],["Y02W30/00","Tagged solid waste management and recycling technologies"]],"exclude":["F23G1/00"],"note":"B65F is dominated by household bins; metal recovery from scrap stays in C22B under Processing & Refining."},{"id":"HQ0JRMVM1S","fit":"direct","rules":[["C04B7/00","Hydraulic cements and their manufacture"],["C04B2/00","Lime, magnesia and dolomite"],["C04B11/00","Gypsum and calcium sulfate cements"],["C04B28/00","Concrete and mortar compositions"],["C21C","Steelmaking and refining of pig iron"],["C21D","Heat treatment of steel and other metals"],["C22C38/00","Steel and other ferrous alloys"],["B21B","Rolling of metal"],["B21C","Drawing and extrusion of wire, tube and sections"],["B22D11/00","Continuous casting of metals"],["C23C2/00","Hot-dip galvanising and similar coating of steel"],["C03B","Manufacture and shaping of glass"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Advanced ceramics, superalloys and composites are left to Critical Technology."},{"id":"5AFXY12B74","fit":"direct","rules":[["C07C","Basic organic chemicals and petrochemical intermediates"],["C01B7/00","Chlorine, other halogens and their acids"],["C01B17/00","Sulfur and sulfuric acid"],["C01B21/00","Nitrogen compounds, including nitric acid"],["C01B25/00","Phosphorus and phosphoric acid"],["C01C","Ammonia and cyanides"],["C01D","Alkali metal compounds: soda ash, caustic soda, salts"],["C25B1/00","Electrolytic production of inorganic chemicals, including chlor-alkali"],["C05","Fertilisers and their manufacture"],["C06B","Explosives and their manufacture"],["C06C","Detonators, fuses and priming devices"],["F25J3/00","Air separation and cryogenic separation of industrial gases"],["B01J8/00","Fluidised-bed and fixed-bed chemical reactors"],["B01J19/00","Chemical reactors and process apparatus in general"],["Y02P20/00","Tagged chemical-industry process technologies"]],"exclude":["C05F","C25B1/04"],"note":"C07C is very broad and includes fine-chemical intermediates; polymers (C08) and catalysts (B01J21/00 onward) are left out to limit breadth."},{"id":"WYXMM9TW2S","fit":"direct","rules":[["B23","Machine tools, welding and metal-working"],["B24B","Grinding and polishing machines"],["B21D","Sheet-metal forming, stamping and punching"],["B21J","Forging and riveting"],["B25J","Industrial robots and manipulators"],["B29C","Moulding and shaping of plastics"],["G05B19/00","Programme control of machines and factory automation"],["B62D65/00","Motor vehicle assembly and manufacture"],["H10P","Semiconductor fabrication processes and equipment"],["H05K3/00","Manufacture of printed circuit boards"],["H05K13/00","Assembly of electronic components onto boards"],["D01H","Spinning and twisting of textile yarns"],["D03D","Weaving and looms"],["A61J3/00","Making pharmaceutical dosage forms"],["B65B","Packaging machines and lines"],["Y02P90/02","Tagged smart-factory and total factory control"]],"exclude":[],"note":"A very broad capability: these are the main factory process classes, not a complete list, and H10P overlaps the semiconductor group in Critical Technology."},{"id":"RGEF8BNR1N","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q10/087","Inventory, procurement and order-filling systems"],["B65G1/00","Warehouse storage and automated retrieval systems"],["G06Q50/04","Business systems specially adapted for manufacturing"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Industrial parks, zones and supplier clusters have no entry; only warehousing and supply-management tools can be matched."},{"id":"8Y9ZZPZR01","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Skilled labour and innovation culture are not technologies and no entry describes them."},{"id":"CFTZYJQQ0X","fit":"direct","rules":[["E02B3/06","Quays, piers, moles and breakwaters"],["E02B3/20","Harbour equipment: fenders, bollards, mooring fittings"],["B63C1/00","Dry docks and dry-docking of vessels"],["B63C3/00","Slipways and launching of vessels"],["B63C5/00","Equipment for slipways and dry docks"],["B63B73/00","Shipbuilding: building and assembling hulls"],["B63B81/00","Repair and maintenance of vessels"],["B66C19/00","Gantry cranes, including container cranes"],["B65G63/00","Trans-shipment at harbours and storage yards"],["B65G67/60","Loading and unloading ships"],["B63B27/00","Shipboard cargo loading and unloading equipment"]],"exclude":[],"note":"B66C19/00 includes factory gantry cranes (container cranes are B66C19/002 in CPC only); E02B3/06 also falls under the flood-defence rule E02B3/04."},{"id":"J0ETT3C91N","fit":"direct","rules":[["B64F1/00","Airport and airfield ground installations"],["B64F5/40","Aircraft maintenance and repair"],["B64F5/20","Ground de-icing installations for aircraft"],["B64F5/30","Aircraft cleaning"],["E04H6/44","Aircraft hangars"]],"exclude":[],"note":"B64F1/00 also includes aircraft-carrier deck and drone launch equipment; runway paving sits in E01C with roads."},{"id":"VWRY4H1522","fit":"direct","rules":[["G08G5/00","Air traffic control and flight management systems"],["G01S13/91","Radar for traffic control"],["G01S13/78","Secondary surveillance radar identifying aircraft"],["G01S1/08","Radio beacon systems giving direction or guidance lines"],["G01S19/15","Satellite-based aircraft landing systems"],["H04B7/18506","Aeronautical radio communication with aircraft"]],"exclude":["G01S13/917","G01S13/92"],"note":"G08G5/00 includes on-board collision avoidance and drone traffic; aeronautical communication is separable only in CPC."},{"id":"15YFF40W12","fit":"direct","rules":[["E02C","Ship locks and ship lifts"],["E02B3/02","River regulation and clearing of waterway beds"],["E02F5/28","Dredgers for cleaning watercourses"],["B63B35/28","Barges and lighters"],["B63B35/54","Ferries"],["B63B51/00","Marking of navigation routes"],["B63B22/16","Buoys marking navigation channels"],["G08G3/00","Traffic control systems for vessels"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Navigation marking and vessel traffic control also serve seaports; they are placed here once to keep the two capabilities apart."},{"id":"NHTYBZ8J70","fit":"direct","rules":[["B61","Railways: systems, rolling stock, signalling and traffic control"],["E01B","Railway track and track-laying machines"],["B60M","Overhead lines and power rails for electric traction"],["B60L5/00","Pantographs and current collectors"],["B60L13/00","Maglev and monorail propulsion"]],"exclude":[],"note":"B61 includes rolling stock and cable railways as well as fixed infrastructure."},{"id":"VR0KHZZ503","fit":"direct","rules":[["E01C","Road construction, paving and road-making machines"],["E01D","Bridges and viaducts"],["E01F","Road equipment: barriers, signs, noise walls"],["E21D9/00","Driving of tunnels"],["E21D11/00","Tunnel linings"],["E02D29/045","Cut-and-cover tunnels and underground structures"],["E02D29/063","Immersed tunnels"],["G08G1/01","Detecting and counting road traffic"],["G08G1/07","Control of traffic signals"],["G07B15/06","Road tolling and congestion charging"]],"exclude":[],"note":"E21D9/00 and E21D11/00 also cover mine galleries and rail tunnels; E01C includes airfield and sports-ground paving."},{"id":"0SCVCXFM01","fit":"direct","rules":[["B65G63/00","Trans-shipment at yards, terminals and harbours"],["B65G67/00","Loading and unloading of vehicles"],["B65G1/00","Warehouse storage and automated retrieval systems"],["B66F9/00","Fork-lift trucks and goods-lifting devices"],["B65D88/12","Freight containers for transport"],["G06Q10/08","Logistics, shipping and inventory management systems"],["G01V5/20","Scanning cargo and baggage for contraband"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Border posts appear only through cargo scanning; B65G1/00 is shared with Supply Chain & Ecosystem and B65G63/00 with Seaports."},{"id":"W5YF519H18","fit":"direct","rules":[["B07C1/00","Preparing mail for sorting"],["B07C3/00","Sorting mail and parcels by destination"],["B07C7/00","Manual sorting of mail"],["G07B17/00","Franking machines"],["A47G29/12","Letter boxes and mail receptacles"],["A47G29/14","Parcel deposit boxes"],["G07F17/12","Self-service lockers, including parcel lockers"],["G06Q50/60","Business systems for postal services"],["G06Q10/083","Shipping and delivery management systems"],["B64U2101/64","Drones adapted for parcel delivery"]],"exclude":[],"note":"G07F17/12 also covers luggage lockers, and G06Q10/083 is also within the Logistics rule G06Q10/08."},{"id":"T5S139RP31","fit":"direct","rules":[["H01B7/14","Submarine cables"],["H02G1/10","Laying cables in or under water"],["B63B35/04","Cable-laying vessels"],["G02B6/4427","Pressure-resistant and undersea optical cables"],["G02B6/506","Underwater installation of optical cables"],["H04B7/18517","Transmission equipment in satellite earth stations"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Thin coverage: the IPC entries mix power and telecom cables, and optical subsea cables and satellite gateways are separable only in CPC."},{"id":"JF1VKWY10T","fit":"direct","rules":[["H04B10/00","Optical fibre and optical transmission systems"],["H04J14/00","Optical wavelength multiplexing"],["H04J3/00","Time-division multiplexing and transport networks"],["H04Q11/00","Optical and multiplex switching, passive optical networks"],["H04Q3/00","Exchange switching arrangements"],["H04B3/00","Wireline transmission systems"],["H04L12/00","Data switching networks"],["H04L41/00","Management of data networks"],["H04L45/00","Packet routing"],["H04L47/00","Traffic control in data networks"],["H04L49/00","Packet switches"],["H04M3/00","Telephone exchanges"],["H04M7/00","Interconnection between switching centres"],["G02B6/44","Optical fibre cables"]],"exclude":[],"note":"H04L12/00 also holds local and home networks, and H04B10/00 includes free-space and quantum optical links."},{"id":"EZ0A4K6M21","fit":"direct","rules":[["H04W","Wireless communication networks"],["H04B7/00","Radio transmission systems, including multi-antenna and relays"],["H04L5/00","Sharing of the transmission path, as used in cellular radio"],["H01Q1/246","Base-station antennas for mobile communications"]],"exclude":["H04B7/185"],"note":"Deliberately broad; overlaps the advanced wireless group in Critical Technology."},{"id":"ZX2K1R5K27","fit":"direct","rules":[["H04H","Broadcast communication systems"],["H04N21/61","Network structure for television distribution"],["H04N7/20","Television transmission by satellite and microwave bands"],["H04W16/14","Spectrum sharing between networks"],["G01R29/08","Measuring electromagnetic field strength"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Spectrum management is weakly covered; H04W16/14 also falls under the Mobile & Wireless rule H04W."},{"id":"MJ96YCN410","fit":"direct","rules":[["H05K7/14","Racks and mounting structures for servers and electronics"],["H05K7/20709","Cooling of server racks and data centres"],["G06F9/50","Allocation of computing resources"],["G06F9/455","Virtualisation and hypervisors"],["G06F15/16","Multiprocessor and cluster computer systems"],["H04L67/10","Distributed applications across network nodes, as in cloud services"],["G06F21/55","Detecting intrusion and applying counter-measures"],["H04L63/14","Detecting and blocking malicious network traffic"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Data-centre cooling and network attack detection are separable only in CPC; H05K7/14 includes general electronics racks."},{"id":"ZTYV5QD91G","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06F16/00","Databases, file systems and information retrieval"],["H04L61/45","Network directories and domain name resolution"],["H04L61/30","Managing network names, including domain registration"],["G06F21/62","Controlling access to data and protecting personal data"]],"exclude":[],"note":"National datasets, registries and governance frameworks are not technologies; only database and naming tools can be matched."},{"id":"WPZ9K6JY19","fit":"direct","rules":[["G06N","Machine learning, neural networks and knowledge-based computing"],["G06V","Image and video recognition"],["G06F18/00","Pattern recognition"],["G06F40/00","Natural language processing"],["G10L15/00","Speech recognition"]],"exclude":["G06N10/00"],"note":"Quantum computing is carved out of G06N; overlaps the AI group in Critical Technology."},{"id":"ZPRD6XGC85","fit":"tools","rules":[["G07D","Handling, testing, sorting and counting coins and banknotes"],["B42D25/29","Security features of banknotes and securities"],["B41M3/14","Security printing"],["D21H21/40","Security paper and anti-forgery agents"],["A44C21/00","Coins and tokens"],["E05G","Safes, strong-rooms and bank protection devices"]],"exclude":[],"note":"E05G includes household safes; central banks and reserve holdings themselves have no entry."},{"id":"SEYVPZY665","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q20/00","Payment architectures, schemes and protocols"],["G07F7/08","Card-operated payment mechanisms"],["G07G1/12","Electronic cash registers and point-of-sale terminals"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Covers payment technology in general, not the national settlement systems as such."},{"id":"CHKH0YE369","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q40/04","Trading and exchange systems for securities and commodities"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Depositories, clearing houses and trade repositories have no separate entry."},{"id":"18HB19R288","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q40/02","Banking systems: accounts and interest"],["G06Q40/03","Credit and loan processing"],["G06Q40/06","Asset management and financial planning"],["G06Q40/08","Insurance systems"],["G07F19/00","Automated teller machines and banking terminals"]],"exclude":[],"note":"The capability is about institutions; these entries only show the data-processing and terminal technology they use."},{"id":"KDJVX49W2G","fit":"tools","rules":[["G16H","Healthcare informatics: records, hospital management, telemedicine"],["A61G7/00","Hospital and nursing beds, patient lifting"],["A61G10/00","Treatment rooms and medical enclosures"],["A61G12/00","Hospital ward equipment and nursing accommodation"],["A61G13/00","Operating tables"],["A61B6/00","X-ray and CT diagnostic imaging apparatus"],["A61B5/055","Magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis"],["A61B8/00","Ultrasound diagnostic apparatus"],["E04H3/08","Hospital buildings, with schools and prisons"]],"exclude":["G16H50/80"],"note":"Chosen to track hospital equipment and imaging units; medical devices and medicines in general are left out. E04H3/08 names hospitals, schools and prisons together."},{"id":"4EYCG76P30","fit":"tools","rules":[["G16H50/80","Systems for detecting, monitoring and modelling epidemics"],["G01N33/569","Immunoassays for bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms"],["C12Q1/70","Nucleic acid tests for viruses"],["C12Q1/689","Nucleic acid tests for bacteria"],["G01N35/00","Automatic laboratory analysers and sample handling"],["B01L1/00","Laboratory enclosures, pressure chambers and clean enclosures"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Diagnostic test entries are dominated by research and clinical use rather than reference laboratories."},{"id":"1CVPR9RY33","fit":"tools","rules":[["A61M1/02","Blood transfusion and blood bank apparatus"],["A61J1/05","Containers for collecting and storing blood and plasma"],["A61K35/16","Blood plasma and serum products"],["C07K16/06","Immunoglobulins obtained from serum"],["A01N1/10","Preservation of blood, organs and other living parts"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Stockpiles and pharmaceutical distribution have no entry; coverage is limited to blood and plasma handling."},{"id":"0APGVQ520X","fit":"tools","rules":[["G09B","Teaching appliances, training simulators and demonstration models"],["G06Q50/20","Business systems for education"],["A47B41/00","School desks and tables"],["B43L1/00","Blackboards and reusable writing boards"],["E04H3/08","School buildings, with hospitals and prisons"]],"exclude":["G09B29/00"],"note":"Schools and universities as institutions have no entry; these are teaching equipment only."},{"id":"C87R71C122","fit":"direct","rules":[["H05H7/00","Details of particle accelerators"],["H05H9/00","Linear accelerators"],["H05H13/00","Cyclotrons and synchrotrons"],["H05H15/00","Other particle acceleration methods, such as wakefield"],["H05H5/00","Direct-voltage and pulsed accelerators"],["H05H11/00","Betatrons and induction accelerators"],["G21B","Fusion reactors and devices"],["G21K1/00","Beam handling and focusing of particles and radiation"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Covers accelerators and fusion devices only; observatories and polar stations have no entry, research reactors sit in G21C and supercomputing with data centres."},{"id":"B6KQQNDA1G","fit":"tools","rules":[["E04H1/02","Dwelling houses and residential buildings"],["E04B1/348","Modular room-sized prefabricated building units"],["G06Q50/22","Systems for social work and welfare services"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Thin coverage: public and affordable housing is not distinguished from housing in general."},{"id":"9DAW771K83","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q50/26","Systems for government and public services"],["G07C13/00","Voting apparatus"],["B42D25/24","Passports"],["B42D25/23","Identity cards"],["G06Q2230/00","Voting and election arrangements"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Covers e-government, voting and identity-document technology only; G06Q2230/00 exists only in CPC."},{"id":"PN3916F52M","fit":"tools","rules":[["E04H3/10","Buildings for assembly, entertainment and sport"],["E04H3/06","Museum and library buildings"],["A63C19/00","Layout of playing courts, rinks and sports fields"],["E01C13/00","Surfaces and foundations for sports grounds and playgrounds"],["A63J1/00","Stage arrangements for theatres"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Thin coverage limited to venue buildings and sports surfaces."},{"id":"JH610G5320","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q50/18","Systems for legal services"],["E05B75/00","Handcuffs and prisoner restraints"],["E04H3/08","Prison buildings, with hospitals and schools"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Very thin: courts and prisons are institutions, and forensic work has no entry that excludes consumer biometrics."},{"id":"NJ10A3HN90","fit":"tools","rules":[["A62C","Fire-fighting equipment, vehicles and systems"],["A62B1/00","Devices lowering people from buildings"],["A62B3/00","Escape and rescue tools for buildings"],["A62B5/00","Other devices for rescue from fire"],["B63C9/00","Life-saving in water"],["A61G1/00","Stretchers"],["A61G3/00","Ambulances and patient transport vehicles"],["G08B25/00","Alarm systems reporting to a central fire or police station"],["H04W4/90","Mobile network services for emergencies"],["H04M11/04","Telephone systems combined with emergency alarms"]],"exclude":[],"note":"A62C includes building sprinklers and extinguishers; policing equipment is not covered."},{"id":"3TRKP96E29","fit":"direct","rules":[["G01W","Meteorological instruments and weather forecasting"],["G01S13/95","Weather radar"],["G01V1/01","Measuring and predicting earthquakes"],["G01C13/00","Surveying of open water: tides, rivers and levels"],["G08B21/10","Alarms for earthquakes, storms and other calamities"],["G08B27/00","Alarms sent from a central station to many receivers"],["H04H20/59","Emergency and urgency broadcasting"],["Y02A90/10","Tagged ICT for weather forecasting and climate simulation"],["Y02A10/40","Tagged flood and storm monitoring and forecasting"]],"exclude":[],"note":"G01V1/01 is a recent entry with little IPC use, so older seismic monitoring patents sit unseparated in G01V1/00."},{"id":"Z63YY68Y2C","fit":"direct","rules":[["G01M9/00","Wind tunnels and aerodynamic testing"],["G01M15/14","Testing gas-turbine and jet engines"],["F02K9/96","Testing and measuring of rocket engines"],["B64F5/60","Testing and inspecting aircraft and components"],["B64G7/00","Simulating space conditions on the ground"],["F42B35/00","Testing of ammunition"],["F41A31/00","Testing arrangements for weapons"]],"exclude":[],"note":""},{"id":"V6Q9C8KB2G","fit":"direct","rules":[["B64F5/10","Manufacturing and assembling aircraft, including jigs"],["B64F5/50","Handling and transporting aircraft components in production"],["F42B33/00","Manufacture and dismantling of ammunition"],["C06B21/00","Apparatus for working up explosives"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Kept narrow to production methods; the aircraft, spacecraft and weapons themselves are left to the technology and defence domains."},{"id":"74F643FG2G","fit":"direct","rules":[["B64G5/00","Launch-site ground equipment: towers and fuelling"],["B64G1/002","Space launch systems"],["B64F5/40","Aircraft maintenance and repair"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Small entries; launch systems are separable only in CPC, and B64F5/40 is shared with Air Infrastructure to reflect depot maintenance."},{"id":"9ZP13MMX18","fit":"direct","rules":[["B64G1/00","Spacecraft, satellites and their equipment"],["H04B7/185","Satellite communication systems and stations"]],"exclude":["B64G1/002","H04B7/18502","H04B7/18517","H04B7/18519"],"note":"In IPC, H04B7/185 cannot be split between space and ground stations or from airborne relays."},{"id":"VH6SCNGC95","fit":"direct","rules":[["B64G3/00","Observing and tracking spacecraft"],["G01S19/02","Space and ground control segments of satellite navigation"],["G01S19/07","Reference stations supplying satellite navigation corrections"],["H04B7/18517","Transmission equipment in satellite earth stations"],["H04B7/18519","Operations control of satellite communication systems"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Thin coverage; earth-station and operations-control entries exist only in CPC."},{"id":"21A3B5BF15","fit":"tools","rules":[["E04H9/04","Shelters and buildings protected against attack"],["F41H11/00","Defence installations and devices"],["F41J","Targets, firing ranges and bullet catchers"],["F42B39/00","Storage and packaging of ammunition and explosives"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Bases themselves have no entry; these cover protective structures, ranges and munitions storage, and F41H11/00 includes mine clearing."},{"id":"H2H4MRH319","fit":"tools","rules":[["F41A33/00","Gun simulators and weapons adapted for training"],["F41G3/26","Practice apparatus for gun aiming and gun laying"],["G09B9/003","Simulators for military purposes and tactics"],["F42B8/00","Practice and training ammunition"],["F41G7/006","Guided missile training and simulation devices"],["F41J2/00","Radar-reflecting and infrared-emitting practice targets"],["F41J9/08","Airborne practice targets such as target drones"],["G09B9/54","Radar operator training simulators"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Covers training equipment only, not recruitment or readiness; laser and recoil trainers also sell to civilian shooters, the military simulator entry G09B9/003 has no International equivalent, and flight simulators (G09B9/08) are left out as mostly civil aviation."},{"id":"NK5R6P1H68","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Reserve call-up and mobilisation are organisational arrangements; no classification entry describes them."},{"id":"HJWM8WA702","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Gendarmerie and territorial forces are institutions, not technologies; riot-control gear (tear gas F41H9/04, stun weapons F41H13/0012) is police equipment and was not used as a proxy."},{"id":"QSZBFXFJ1X","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06V20/13","Computer analysis of satellite images"],["G01S13/90","Synthetic aperture radar imaging"],["G01C11/00","Photogrammetry and aerial photographic survey"],["B64G1/1021","Earth observation satellites"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Mostly civilian remote sensing, mapping and surveying; the technology is the same whoever exploits the imagery, and the satellite entry is Cooperative-scheme only and also sits under Space Support to Operations."},{"id":"RYPHYPWX2M","fit":"tools","rules":[["G01S3/02","Radio direction finders for locating emitters"],["G01S7/021","Detecting and identifying radar signals, as in radar warning receivers"],["H04L63/30","Network support for lawful interception of communications"],["H04W12/80","Lawful interception in mobile networks"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Thin and dual-use: direction finding also serves navigation and wireless positioning, and the interception entries describe telecom-operator lawful intercept rather than foreign signals intelligence; two of the four entries are Cooperative-scheme only."},{"id":"Q77ZJPA40E","fit":"tools","rules":[["G21J5/00","Detection arrangements for nuclear explosions"],["G01S7/412","Identifying radar targets by comparing echoes with stored signatures"],["F41G3/147","Locating a firing weapon from its flash or sound"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Very thin: signature measurement has almost no dedicated entries, radar target identification now includes automotive uses, and only the nuclear-explosion entry can be seen in International-only records."},{"id":"ZNS220A230","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Open-source and financial intelligence are analytic practices; the nearest entry (G06Q40/024, bank anti-money-laundering checks) is tiny and describes commercial compliance, so it was not used."},{"id":"VSGCQY0X0V","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Human sources and counterintelligence are not technologies; no entry describes them."},{"id":"3HMEW01N26","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Assessment and warning are analytic functions; generic data-fusion entries are not specific enough to use."},{"id":"5SSKKV3071","fit":"tools","rules":[["H04K1/00","Secret communication by scrambling or masking the signal"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Thin: command arrangements and battle networks have no entry of their own; H04K1 is dual-use and its US International-scheme count is inflated by old cryptography filings; satellite links are counted under Space Support to Operations."},{"id":"T85S1H4K1C","fit":"tools","rules":[["B64D39/00","Refuelling aircraft in flight"],["B64D1/08","Air-dropping cargo containers and platforms from aircraft"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Only air refuelling and airdrop are distinguishable; transport aircraft and sealift ships cannot be told apart from civil cargo aircraft and shipping, and the airdrop entry now includes drone parcel delivery."},{"id":"HV0A8G3D72","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Deploying forces abroad is an operational and political capability; no entry describes it."},{"id":"GXTVZ0JJ33","fit":"tools","rules":[["F42B39/00","Packaging, storage and transport safety of ammunition"],["F42B35/00","Testing and checking of ammunition"],["F42C21/00","Checking and testing of fuzes"],["F41A31/00","Testing arrangements for guns"],["F42B33/06","Dismantling and disposal of ammunition"]],"exclude":["F42B39/007"],"note":"Covers munitions storage, surveillance and disposal only; theatre logistics, repair, fuel and medical support are indistinguishable from civilian equivalents, and ammunition pouches and belts here also serve hunters."},{"id":"Q291GPH825","fit":"tools","rules":[["F42B33/00","Manufacture and filling of ammunition"],["C06B21/00","Processing and forming of explosives and propellants"]],"exclude":["F42B33/06","F42B33/10","F42B33/004","F42B33/12"],"note":"Covers munitions production technology only; hobby reloading tools are excluded where the scheme separates them, explosive processing also serves mining, and production of platforms cannot be told apart from civil manufacturing."},{"id":"AGMB3D6Y36","fit":"tools","rules":[["A62D5/00","Materials for clothing that protects against chemical agents"],["A62B17/006","Protective suits against chemical, biological and nuclear contamination"],["A62D2101/02","Neutralising chemical warfare agents"],["A62B29/00","Installations for neutralising or keeping off harmful chemical agents"],["A62B13/00","Ventilation of gasproof shelters"],["A62B23/04","Air filters for gasproof shelters"],["A62B15/00","Collective protection installations against poisonous substances"],["G01N33/0057","Detecting chemical warfare agents or explosives"],["B01D2259/4583","Air purification removing chemical, biological and nuclear warfare agents"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Uses only the entries that name warfare agents or collective protection; general respirators (A62B18), radiation meters (G01T) and medical countermeasures are left out as overwhelmingly civilian, and four of the nine entries are Cooperative-scheme only."},{"id":"KD9W5BC72C","fit":"tools","rules":[["F41H7/00","Armoured and armed vehicles, including tanks and uncrewed ground vehicles"],["F41H5/00","Armour and armour plate"],["F41H1/00","Body armour and ballistic helmets"],["F41A","Working parts and mountings of guns"],["F41C","Small arms"],["F41H11/12","Clearing and detecting land mines"],["F42B23/00","Land mines"],["E01D15/127","Vehicle-launched assault bridges"]],"exclude":["F41A33/00","F41A31/00","F41C33/00"],"note":"US small-arms and gun-mechanism patents (F41A, F41C) are largely for the civilian market and far outnumber the armour entries, so the count overstates military activity; holsters are excluded, and sights and small-arms ammunition are left out for the same reason."},{"id":"SBA8322C06","fit":"tools","rules":[["F41F1/00","Cannons, mortars and other barrel launchers"],["F41F3/04","Rocket launchers"],["F41G3/14","Indirect aiming for artillery"],["F41G3/04","Coordinating fire from a battery or spaced weapons"],["F41G5/00","Elevation and traverse control systems for guns"],["F42B30/08","Artillery shells and mortar bombs"],["F42B12/20","High-explosive, fragmentation and shaped-charge warheads"],["F42B12/58","Cluster and cargo munitions"],["F42C","Ammunition fuzes"]],"exclude":["F41F3/06","F41F3/07","F41F3/073","F41G5/08","F42C21/00"],"note":"Tactical missiles cannot be separated from longer-range ones and are counted under Long-Range Strike; fuzes and warheads here also serve bombs, mines and naval guns."},{"id":"VV8GV4DS1T","fit":"tools","rules":[["B64U2101/15","Uncrewed aircraft adapted for conventional or electronic warfare"],["B64U20/10","Uncrewed aircraft built for stealth"]],"exclude":["B64U2101/16"],"note":"Thin: military helicopters cannot be told apart from civil rotorcraft, and the warfare-drone entry exists only in the Cooperative scheme, so International-only Chinese patents are not matched."},{"id":"GQHN8Y6Y2X","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Special operations are defined by people, training and doctrine; no entry names their equipment separately from ordinary infantry weapons."},{"id":"SB9SFK8V07","fit":"tools","rules":[["G08G3/00","Monitoring and control of vessel traffic"],["G01S13/917","Radar for controlling marine vessel traffic"],["F41H11/05","Net barriers for harbour defence"]],"exclude":["G08G3/02"],"note":"Thin and mostly civilian: vessel traffic monitoring is port and coastal safety technology, and patrol vessels cannot be told apart from other ships."},{"id":"2DJ1H6FQ09","fit":"tools","rules":[["B63G8/00","Submarines and other underwater vessels, crewed and uncrewed"],["F42B19/00","Marine torpedoes"],["F41F3/08","Torpedo launchers"],["F42B17/00","Rocket torpedoes travelling through air and water"],["F42B22/00","Sea mines"],["B63G6/00","Laying of sea mines or depth charges"],["B63G7/00","Mine-sweeping and mine destruction"],["F42B21/00","Depth charges"]],"exclude":[],"note":"B63G8 includes civilian research, survey and inspection underwater robots, which dominate Chinese filings; coastal anti-ship missiles are not distinguishable and fall under Long-Range Strike."},{"id":"KF7CTSXP1X","fit":"tools","rules":[["B63G1/00","Guns and missile launchers on warships"],["B63G3/00","Ammunition stores and handling on warships"],["B63G5/00","Vessels adapted for launching torpedoes"],["B63G9/00","Ship defences against submarines, torpedoes and mines"],["B63G11/00","Aircraft carriers"],["B63G13/00","Other warship defences, including camouflage and stealth"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Small counts: warship hulls and propulsion sit with merchant shipbuilding, carrier deck gear (B64F1) is mixed with drone launchers, and fleet air defence is counted under Integrated Air & Missile Defence."},{"id":"ERWJBJGG06","fit":"tools","rules":[["B63B2035/001","Landing craft and other beach-loading vessels"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Very thin and Cooperative-scheme only; amphibious vehicles (B60F3) were left out because they are predominantly recreational, rescue and robotic rather than military."},{"id":"A57S726N07","fit":"tools","rules":[["G01S13/78","Secondary radar identifying friend or foe"]],"exclude":["G01S13/785"],"note":"Thin: identification radar is shared with civil air traffic control, and air surveillance radar and interceptor aircraft have no entries separate from general radar and aircraft."},{"id":"VVCRRBNY1M","fit":"tools","rules":[["B64D7/00","Armament and military equipment installed in aircraft"],["F41G3/22","Aiming of aircraft and vehicle-borne weapons, including helmet sights"],["B64C30/00","Supersonic aircraft"]],"exclude":["F41G3/24"],"note":"Fighter aircraft are not separately classified, so this rests on aircraft armament; the supersonic entry includes civil designs, and air-to-air missiles are counted under Long-Range Strike."},{"id":"4AZDHHGQ19","fit":"tools","rules":[["B64D1/04","Carrying and releasing bombs from aircraft"],["F42B25/00","Air-dropped bombs"],["F41G9/02","Bombing control systems"],["F41G3/24","Bombsights"],["F41F3/06","Launching rockets from aircraft"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Small counts; stand-off missiles are counted under Long-Range Strike, and bomb-release entries increasingly include drone payload droppers."},{"id":"CRPA61K870","fit":"tools","rules":[["G01S13/5242","Airborne moving-target radar with platform motion compensation"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Very thin and Cooperative-scheme only: early warning aircraft, battle management and reconnaissance drones cannot be told apart from general radar and civil aerial imaging (G06V20/17, B64U2101/30), which were left out."},{"id":"N4FH19EW1J","fit":"tools","rules":[["F42B15/00","Guided missiles and self-propelled rockets"],["F41G7/00","Guidance and direction control of missiles"],["F42B10/60","Steering of missiles and guided projectiles in flight"],["G01S13/883","Radar for missile homing"],["F41F3/07","Underwater missile launching apparatus"]],"exclude":["F42B15/12","F41G7/006"],"note":"The scheme does not sort missiles by range or role, so tactical, anti-tank and air-defence missiles are counted with long-range ones; bombers and hypersonic vehicles have no entries of their own."},{"id":"QGJF4Z1V45","fit":"tools","rules":[["F41H11/02","Anti-aircraft, anti-missile and anti-torpedo defence systems"],["F41G5/08","Ground-based tracking of aerial targets for fire control"]],"exclude":[],"note":"F41H11/02 is shared with Counter-Uncrewed & Low-Altitude Defence because the scheme does not separate drone defence from other air defence; interceptor missiles fall under Long-Range Strike and air-defence radar is not distinguishable from general radar."},{"id":"FT1M6KF649","fit":"tools","rules":[["F41H11/02","Anti-aircraft defence systems, including drone defence"],["F41H13/0043","Directed-energy weapons such as lasers and microwaves"],["F41H13/0093","Electromagnetic pulse devices that disable electronics"],["B64U2101/16","Uncrewed aircraft that capture or disable other vehicles"]],"exclude":[],"note":"F41H11/02 is shared with Integrated Air & Missile Defence; the three more specific entries are Cooperative-scheme only, so International-only Chinese patents are matched through F41H11/02 alone, and drone jamming is counted under Electronic Warfare."},{"id":"B11ZEE3B19","fit":"tools","rules":[["B64G1/002","Space launch systems, including air launch and reusable boosters"],["B64G5/00","Launch-site ground equipment such as towers and fuelling"],["B64G1/14","Space shuttles and reusable spaceplanes"],["F02K9/00","Rocket engines"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Mostly civil and commercial launch technology; rocket engines also power missiles, and the launch-systems entry is Cooperative-scheme only."},{"id":"514PP5J10F","fit":"tools","rules":[["B64G1/10","Artificial satellites and satellite constellations"],["H04B7/185","Satellite communication links and stations"],["G01S19/02","Space and ground control segments of satellite navigation systems"]],"exclude":["B64G1/1078","H04B7/18502"],"note":"Mostly commercial: satellite communications is by far the largest part and is dominated by civil broadband and mobile networks; missile warning has no entry, and navigation receivers (rest of G01S19) are left out as consumer technology."},{"id":"EB24SDH915","fit":"tools","rules":[["B64G3/00","Observing and tracking spacecraft"],["B64G1/68","Detectors of space debris and meteoroids on spacecraft"],["B64G1/56","Protecting spacecraft against debris and meteoroids"],["B64G1/1078","Servicing, inspection and debris-removal satellites"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Small counts of largely civil space-safety technology; counterspace weapons have no entry, and the servicing-satellite entry is Cooperative-scheme only."},{"id":"KVGWNPK51B","fit":"tools","rules":[["H04L63/14","Detecting and countering malicious network traffic"],["G06F21/55","Intrusion detection and malware handling on computers"],["G06F21/577","Assessing vulnerabilities of computer systems"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Overwhelmingly commercial cybersecurity, the same technology whoever defends the network; only G06F21/55 can be seen in International-only records, since the network entry there is the far broader H04L9/40, which was not used."},{"id":"3E9JB9P41V","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Offensive cyber tools are not patented as such; attack techniques appear only as the threats that defensive entries counter."},{"id":"H4HKPDD864","fit":"tools","rules":[["H04K3/00","Jamming of communications and counter-measures to jamming"],["G01S7/38","Radar jamming and false-echo generation"],["G01S7/36","Radar anti-jamming"],["G01S7/495","Counter-measures against laser and electro-optical sensors"],["G01S7/537","Sonar jamming and anti-jamming"],["G01S19/015","Jamming and spoofing of satellite navigation"],["G01S19/21","Protecting satellite navigation receivers against interference and spoofing"],["F42B12/70","Projectiles dispensing radar chaff or infrared decoy material"],["F42B5/15","Cartridges dispensing chaff or decoy screening material"]],"exclude":[],"note":"The best-matched capability in the domain; H04K3 also covers civil uses such as phone and drone jammers and interference-resistant radio, and the navigation-interference entry includes ordinary receiver robustness."},{"id":"42V9D7RB2T","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Nuclear command arrangements and doctrine have no classification entry; nuclear-explosion detection (G21J5/00) is counted under Technical & Measurement Intelligence."},{"id":"A8Y8M5JM0T","fit":"tools","rules":[["G21J1/00","Nuclear explosive devices"],["F42B15/12","Intercontinental ballistic missiles"],["F41F3/073","Missile silos"]],"exclude":[],"note":"A token match of a few dozen documents: weapon design is secret and unpatented, and missile submarines and bombers fall under other capabilities."},{"id":"9K1SKHG61Z","fit":"tools","rules":[["B01D59/00","Separating isotopes, as in uranium enrichment"],["G21C19/42","Reprocessing of irradiated nuclear fuel"],["C01G56/00","Compounds of plutonium and other transuranic elements"]],"exclude":["B01D59/44"],"note":"Fissile-material technology only, and predominantly civil fuel-cycle, medical and research isotope work; nothing in the scheme describes stockpile surveillance or warhead life extension."},{"id":"P4ATP4QW14","fit":"tools","rules":[["A23L33/40","Complete foods for specific groups, such as infant formula"],["A61J9/00","Infant feeding bottles"],["A61J11/00","Teats for feeding bottles"],["A61J13/00","Breast-nipple shields"],["A61M1/06","Breast pumps"],["A61G11/00","Baby incubators"],["A61K39/0015","Measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccines"],["A61K39/0016","Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis combination vaccines"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures infant feeding, neonatal care and the classic childhood combination vaccines; infant formula and the two vaccine entries exist in CPC only, and general paediatric medicine cannot be told apart from adult medicine."},{"id":"48AS5XF552","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Pre-school provision; early-learning aids cannot be told apart from toys or general teaching appliances."},{"id":"KDF0T4H41C","fit":"tools","rules":[["A47B39/00","School benches and forms combined with desks"],["A47B41/00","School desks and tables"],["B43L1/04","Blackboards"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures only basic classroom furniture and boards; enrolment and completion themselves have no technology."},{"id":"8NW6NH1B2C","fit":"tools","rules":[["G09B5/00","Electrically operated educational appliances, including e-learning"],["G09B7/00","Electronic question-and-answer teaching and testing devices"],["G09B1/00","Manual teaching aids using letters, numbers or pictures"],["G09B3/00","Manual question-and-answer teaching aids"],["G09B17/00","Teaching reading"],["G09B11/00","Teaching handwriting and drawing"],["G09B19/02","Teaching counting and calculating"],["G09B23/00","Science and mathematics demonstration models"],["G06Q50/20","Education administration and services software"]],"exclude":["G09B23/28"],"note":"Captures general teaching and e-learning technology, which serves every level of education and not only school-age literacy and numeracy; medical training models are excluded and counted under the health workforce."},{"id":"SKE14D7R1J","fit":"tools","rules":[["G09B21/00","Teaching or communicating with blind, deaf or mute people"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures only assistive teaching for sensory disability; gaps by gender, income and region have no technology of their own."},{"id":"9RBQ5CWS24","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A profession; no technology of its own."},{"id":"1HGMY5E41J","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Participation in institutions; no technology of its own."},{"id":"KWXHTS7X1W","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Graduate outcomes; no technology of its own."},{"id":"BEHK2A5044","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Training of people; research instruments are counted under Knowledge Production."},{"id":"RMDAGNV300","fit":"tools","rules":[["G09B9/00","Training simulators, such as vehicle and flight simulators"],["G09B19/16","Teaching control of vehicles or other craft"],["G09B19/24","Teaching the use of tools"],["G09B19/18","Teaching book-keeping or economics"],["G09B25/02","Demonstration models of industrial processes and machinery"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures simulators and trade-training appliances, including military and aviation simulators; certification and credentials are not captured."},{"id":"36WPCHF41T","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Apprenticeships and placements; no technology of its own."},{"id":"1E028BW81F","fit":"tools","rules":[["G09B19/0053","Teaching computer use and programming"]],"exclude":[],"note":"A thin match that exists in CPC only, so IPC-only Chinese patents are missed; it captures appliances for teaching computing, not the skills of the population."},{"id":"YRZX1NCS1G","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A corps of specialists; digital and AI technologies themselves are counted elsewhere."},{"id":"2YW4N1TM00","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Uses the same teaching technology as schooling; nothing tells adult learning apart."},{"id":"415VKXA92X","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Employer practice; no technology of its own."},{"id":"3SGZZHT221","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"National programmes; no technology of their own."},{"id":"90Z0B77F15","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"People and funding; no technology of their own."},{"id":"TS43VCD500","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Migration and retention of people; no technology."},{"id":"45VVA6VX0P","fit":"tools","rules":[["B01L","General laboratory apparatus"],["G01Q","Scanning-probe microscopy"],["G02B21/00","Optical microscopes"],["H01J37/26","Electron and ion microscopes"],["H01J49/00","Mass spectrometers"],["G01N24/00","Magnetic resonance analysis of materials"],["H05H7/00","Particle accelerator components"],["H05H13/00","Cyclotrons and synchrotrons"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures the instruments research depends on, not research output; laboratory apparatus and microscopes are also used in industry and clinics."},{"id":"ZS0TWQPX2F","fit":"tools","rules":[["A61P","Medicines classified by the condition they treat"],["A61K","Medicinal preparations of all kinds"]],"exclude":["A61K8/00","A61K2800/00","A61K39/002","A61K39/02","A61K39/12","A61P25/18","A61P25/22","A61P25/24","A61P25/30"],"note":"Captures medicines for physical disease; cosmetics, vaccines and psychiatric and dependence drugs are excluded and the last two are counted under the sibling capabilities."},{"id":"56NHC9ZS90","fit":"tools","rules":[["A61P25/18","Antipsychotic medicines"],["A61P25/22","Anti-anxiety medicines"],["A61P25/24","Antidepressant medicines"],["A61P25/30","Medicines for treating substance abuse or dependence"],["A61B5/16","Devices for evaluating psychological state"],["G16H20/70","Software for mental and psychological therapies"],["A61M21/00","Devices inducing sleep, relaxation or changed consciousness"]],"exclude":["A61P25/34"],"note":"Captures psychiatric medicines, psychological assessment and therapy technology; tobacco-dependence drugs are excluded and counted under preventive health, and service reach is not captured."},{"id":"2N2FFA5K69","fit":"tools","rules":[["A23L33/00","Dietetic foods and nutritional supplements"],["A61K39/02","Bacterial vaccines"],["A61K39/12","Viral vaccines"],["A61K39/002","Vaccines against protozoa, such as malaria"],["A61P25/34","Medicines for tobacco dependence"],["G16H20/60","Software for diet and nutrition control"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures nutrition products, vaccines and smoking-cessation medicines; A23L33 also holds general health foods, and physical activity equipment is counted under sport."},{"id":"4HKXYWF31F","fit":"tools","rules":[["G09B23/28","Medical training models and patient simulators"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures only equipment for training clinicians; workforce numbers, deployment and retention have no technology."},{"id":"ZQB6YSNF0D","fit":"tools","rules":[["A61B","Diagnostic and surgical instruments"],["A61M","Infusion, injection, respiratory and dialysis devices"],["A61F","Implants, prostheses, orthopaedic devices and dressings"],["A61N","Electrotherapy and radiotherapy equipment"],["A61C","Dental equipment"],["A61G","Patient transport, hospital beds and operating tables"],["G16H","Health informatics, including records and telemedicine"]],"exclude":["A61F13/15","A61B5/117","G16H50/80"],"note":"Captures the clinical devices and health informatics that care delivery uses, not coverage or affordability; consumer absorbent pads, person identification and epidemic modelling are excluded."},{"id":"JF0DFRVW09","fit":"tools","rules":[["G16H50/80","Software for detecting and modelling epidemics"],["C12Q1/70","Nucleic acid tests involving viruses"],["C12Q1/689","Nucleic acid tests identifying bacteria"],["C12Q1/04","Tests determining the presence or kind of microorganism"],["G01N33/569","Immunoassays for microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures pathogen detection and epidemic surveillance technology; the tests are also used in routine clinical diagnosis, and vaccines are counted under preventive health."},{"id":"76H8AY3M1X","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Missions and people; no technology of their own."},{"id":"B79Z47MP13","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Standing within institutions; no technology."},{"id":"V68CVFT51W","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Diplomatic initiative; no technology."},{"id":"681X8GGQ73","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Trusted intermediary role; no technology."},{"id":"67CJ7JE319","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Treaty commitments; no technology."},{"id":"HBPJGSNP27","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Relationships with partners; arms themselves are counted under the military capabilities."},{"id":"770GE9MT43","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Funding and programmes; no technology of their own."},{"id":"52M5091Y03","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Uses the same rescue and relief equipment as domestic civil protection, counted there."},{"id":"YGR6XDCE23","fit":"tools","rules":[["G09B19/06","Teaching foreign languages"],["G09B19/04","Teaching speaking and pronunciation"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures language-teaching appliances only, whichever language they teach; institute networks are not captured."},{"id":"PZGZQQR81N","fit":"tools","rules":[["A63F","Card, board and video games"],["G10H","Electronic musical instruments and music synthesis"],["G10D","Stringed, wind and percussion musical instruments"],["G10C","Pianos and similar keyboard instruments"],["G06T13/00","Computer animation"],["H04N5/222","Television and film studio equipment and special effects"],["G03B19/18","Motion-picture cameras"],["A63J","Stage, theatre and cinema devices"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures the technology of games, music, film and stage production, not content or export reach; publishing and fashion have no clean entry."},{"id":"CGQZWXMC1A","fit":"tools","rules":[["E04H3/06","Museum and library buildings"],["B44D7/00","Preserving paintings"]],"exclude":[],"note":"A very thin match of a few hundred documents; collections, inscription and restitution have no technology."},{"id":"6RBHMCP22W","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Scholarships and relationships; no technology."},{"id":"J1SDVVPQ1B","fit":"tools","rules":[["A63B","Sports, exercise and training equipment"],["A63C","Skates, skis and layout of courts and rinks"],["A63K","Racing and riding sports equipment"],["E04H3/12","Grandstands and spectator terraces"],["E04H3/14","Gymnasiums and other sports buildings"],["G07C1/22","Timing of sports events"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures sports equipment and venues, much of it for home fitness and recreation; hosting and elite performance are not captured."},{"id":"5TTP180P26","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Institutions and programmes; no technology of their own."},{"id":"2AX1366F33","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Networks of people; no technology."},{"id":"SZYZ49YS1X","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Campaign machinery; media technology is counted under International Media & Broadcasting."},{"id":"RWBBGPMC09","fit":"tools","rules":[["H04H","Broadcast communication"],["H04N21/00","Streaming and interactive distribution of video content"],["G06F40/40","Machine translation and natural language processing"],["H04L51/52","Messaging that supports social networking services"],["G06Q10/40","Social networking services"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures broadcast, streaming, translation and social-platform technology whoever uses it, not international audience reach; the social networking entry is in practice CPC only."},{"id":"YYX8KHQR17","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Counter-interference machinery and media literacy; no entry isolates detection of disinformation."},{"id":"RXM2GB8Q34","fit":"tools","rules":[["G07C13/00","Voting apparatus and ballot boxes"],["G06Q2230/00","Voting or election arrangements"],["H04L2209/463","Cryptographic electronic voting"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures voting machines and electronic voting; the last two entries are CPC only, and registration, independence and dispute resolution are not captured."},{"id":"9E3R8DMH91","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"An institution; no technology of its own."},{"id":"B5B7X7P80H","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Civic freedoms and practice; no technology of their own."},{"id":"5XM99YKX2C","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Courts and judges; no technology of their own."},{"id":"P84GVFK92S","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q50/18","Software for legal services and legal documents"]],"exclude":["G06Q50/184","G06Q50/188"],"note":"Captures legal-services software, largely commercial contract and document tools; intellectual property management and electronic negotiation are excluded in CPC but cannot be separated in IPC."},{"id":"ZCVZA8XN0Y","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Legal frameworks and practice; no technology."},{"id":"RQBPC7K809","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Institutions; no technology of their own."},{"id":"E7ZX4KDV08","fit":"tools","rules":[["H04N7/18","Closed-circuit television systems"],["G06V20/52","Video analysis for surveillance and suspicious activity"],["G08B13/00","Burglar, theft and intruder alarms"],["G08B15/00","Identifying, scaring or incapacitating intruders"],["G06V40/12","Fingerprint and palmprint recognition"],["G06V40/16","Face recognition"],["G06V40/18","Iris and eye recognition"],["A61B5/117","Identification of persons, such as fingerprinting"],["G07C9/00","Access control and registration on entry or exit"],["E05B75/00","Handcuffs and restraints"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures surveillance, biometric and access-control technology, most of it sold for private security, vehicles and phones; accountability and community trust are not captured."},{"id":"NC4JNPYZ11","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Prosecution, courts and prisons; prisons share one entry with hospitals and schools."},{"id":"WMEE6AWB95","fit":"tools","rules":[["G01V5/20","Radiation screening for weapons, explosives and contraband"],["G01S13/887","Radar detection of concealed weapons or contraband"],["G01N33/94","Tests for narcotics and other drugs in body samples"],["G07D7/00","Testing the genuineness of banknotes and valuable papers"],["G06Q40/024","Anti-fraud and anti-money-laundering systems"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures contraband screening, drug testing and counterfeit detection; the radar and anti-money-laundering entries are CPC only, drug tests include clinical drug monitoring, and intelligence-led operations are not captured."},{"id":"M5KHAWTJ0V","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Rule-making practice; no technology."},{"id":"540GJ21K74","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Institutions; no technology of their own."},{"id":"Q414QT1S67","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Licensing and screening administration; no technology of its own."},{"id":"GDVWXCAQ1V","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"An institution; no technology of its own."},{"id":"V475YQQ019","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A workforce; no technology of its own."},{"id":"TESME8S60F","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q50/26","Software for government and public services"]],"exclude":["G06Q50/265"],"note":"Captures software for public services, including much Chinese city-management and public-safety software; personal safety and identity software is excluded in CPC only."},{"id":"7F8W9GMR13","fit":"tools","rules":[["B42D25/23","Identity cards"],["B42D25/24","Passports"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures physical identity documents only, a small set; digital identity cannot be told apart from general authentication, and civil registration has no technology."},{"id":"40M8X5AF54","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"An institution; statistical computing cannot be tied to official statistics."},{"id":"0Z3T2F2A2S","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Institutions and enforcement record; no technology."},{"id":"33W3CXFT0J","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Rules and declarations; no technology."},{"id":"MAC8Y2X90V","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Law and disclosure practice; no technology of its own."},{"id":"AV8HN5FC1R","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"An institution; no technology of its own."},{"id":"EHGBZ92A16","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Legal protection and market conditions; media technology is counted under International Media & Broadcasting."},{"id":"XSYRKVM723","fit":"tools","rules":[["G01W","Meteorological instruments and weather forecasting"],["G01V1/01","Measuring or predicting earthquakes"],["G08B21/10","Alarms for calamities such as tornados and earthquakes"],["G08B27/00","Warning systems signalling from a centre to many stations"],["G08B31/00","Predictive alarm systems using historic data"],["H04W4/90","Mobile network emergency services and public warning"],["H04H20/59","Emergency broadcast arrangements"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures hazard monitoring and public warning technology, not the national risk assessment; predictive alarms include industrial uses, and wider seismology is left out because it is mostly oil prospecting."},{"id":"NH3Q9D6129","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Command arrangements and exercises; no technology of their own."},{"id":"V53T5PKB0D","fit":"tools","rules":[["A62","Life-saving, rescue, breathing protection and fire-fighting"],["B63C9/00","Life-saving in water"],["G08B17/00","Fire alarms"],["E04H9/04","Air-raid and blast shelters"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures rescue, fire-fighting and shelter equipment, including industrial and household fire safety; volunteers and household preparedness are not captured."},{"id":"9G238YJR10","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Benefit systems; welfare software shares its entry with older healthcare software."},{"id":"HY7AEVQ90R","fit":"tools","rules":[["E02B3/04","Flood, river-bank and coastal protection works"],["E04H9/02","Earthquake-resistant buildings"],["E04H9/14","Buildings protected against floods and tornadoes"],["E02D27/34","Foundations for earthquake or subsidence zones"],["E01F7/04","Protection against avalanches and falling rocks"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Captures structural defences that reduce hazard risk, including harbour breakwaters; continuity of government, recovery machinery and insurance are not captured."},{"id":"2X9EZRQ42W","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"M1PDQQQY2E","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"7WS1H56M71","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q20/06","Electronic currency and private payment circuits"],["G06Q20/36","Electronic wallets and electronic money safes"],["H04L9/50","Blockchains and other hash-chain ledgers"],["G07D","Sorting, counting, testing and dispensing coins and banknotes"],["B42D25/29","Banknotes and securities with security features"],["D21H21/40","Security paper that proves genuineness"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Counts technology for digital money and the cash cycle, not central bank issuance itself; the blockchain entry exists in the Cooperative scheme only and covers all ledger uses, not just currency."},{"id":"55SSHVG975","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q40/10","Tax strategies and tax computation"],["G06Q40/12","Accounting systems, including tax preparation and filing"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Counts tax and accounting software whoever uses it, most of it corporate bookkeeping; says nothing about tax policy or collection performance, and the tax-filing subgroup is separable only in the Cooperative scheme."},{"id":"4RKYP83S61","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A public finance function; accounting technology is counted under tax administration"},{"id":"6G3W46392P","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"XSSN5GY425","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"HQARDCG624","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q40/02","Banking systems, such as account maintenance and interest calculation"],["G06Q40/03","Credit and loan processing"],["G07F19/00","Complete banking systems and automated teller machines"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Counts banking, lending and cash-machine technology, not the scale or soundness of bank intermediation."},{"id":"24W5JJFS14","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q40/04","Trading and exchange systems for stocks, commodities, derivatives, currency"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Counts trading and exchange technology, not market depth or liquidity."},{"id":"G8VX4V8C41","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q40/06","Asset management and financial planning systems"],["G06Q40/08","Insurance systems"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Counts asset management and insurance technology, not the size of pension, insurance or institutional assets."},{"id":"TRPRF1BZ22","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q20/32","Payments using mobile phones and other wireless devices"],["G06Q20/34","Payments using cards"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Counts consumer payment instruments that carry access to households, not account ownership or usage rates."},{"id":"M5DWQW8M21","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"4BPHWXV424","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A regulatory function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"N8MQDX7Q05","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q20/4016","Fraud and risk assessment in payment transactions"],["G06Q40/024","Anti-fraud, anti-money-laundering and know-your-customer in banking"],["G06Q40/0325","Detecting and preventing credit or loan fraud"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Counts fraud and money-laundering detection technology; all three entries exist in the Cooperative scheme only, so applications classified in the International scheme alone are missed."},{"id":"0YTAZG6T91","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A regulatory function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"Q9NV8W5066","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q20/02","Payment schemes run through a clearing house or trusted third party"],["G06Q20/10","Electronic funds transfer and home banking architectures"],["G06Q20/38","Payment protocols, authorisation and transaction security"]],"exclude":["G06Q20/4016"],"note":"Counts the technology of payment, clearing and transfer systems that oversight is exercised over, not the oversight itself; fraud scoring is left to financial integrity."},{"id":"P9CK3JFD2C","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"93T4JNTV1D","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"GQ2KNBB70B","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"E9ZHNAKS1P","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"GGDTDNX42E","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"An institutional function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"2EN9GA3F0X","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A market and policy outcome; no technology of its own"},{"id":"98MDSNG62J","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"JMWBZVF362","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A legal and market ecosystem; no technology of its own"},{"id":"QWV6KXRK2X","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"An economy-wide outcome; no technology of its own"},{"id":"Q2EK6QCG0S","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"An economy-wide outcome; no technology of its own"},{"id":"GSP43QYK52","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A labour market outcome; no technology of its own"},{"id":"BRS5V4VH95","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"An institutional function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"YBWGSZ1S13","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q10/1053","Employment and hiring systems, such as job matching"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Counts recruitment and job-matching software, mostly private; says nothing about public employment services or labour programmes."},{"id":"76HWKPQS41","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"YNAPR0BA1N","fit":"tools","rules":[["B21","Metal forming: rolling, drawing, forging, pressing, punching"],["B22","Casting and powder metallurgy"],["B23","Machine tools and metal cutting, welding, laser machining"],["B24","Grinding and polishing"],["B25","Workshop tools, power tools and industrial robots"],["B26","Cutting and severing machines"],["B29","Working of plastics, such as moulding and extrusion"],["B30","Presses"],["B33","Additive manufacturing"],["B60","Vehicles and vehicle parts"]],"exclude":[],"note":"A sector-wide match on the production machinery of manufacturing plus vehicles as its largest product class; electronics, aerospace and other product sectors are not counted here."},{"id":"XKPSCSCM10","fit":"tools","rules":[["C01","Inorganic chemistry: basic chemicals, acids, alkalis, industrial gases"],["C03","Glass and mineral wool"],["C04","Cement, concrete, ceramics and refractories"],["C05","Fertilisers"],["C07C","Basic organic chemicals: acyclic and carbocyclic compounds"],["C08","Polymers and plastics materials"],["C10","Petroleum refining, gas, coke, fuels and lubricants"],["C21","Iron and steel metallurgy"],["C22","Non-ferrous metallurgy and alloys"],["C25","Electrolytic processes, such as aluminium smelting and electroplating"],["D21","Paper-making and pulp"]],"exclude":[],"note":"A sector-wide match on the process industries by whole classes; it counts inventive activity in these industries, not tonnes of steel, cement or chemicals produced."},{"id":"S0T1BDM345","fit":"tools","rules":[["A01","Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishing"],["A21","Baking and doughs"],["A22","Butchering and processing of meat, poultry and fish"],["A23","Foods, food processing and animal feed"],["B02B","Grain milling preparation"],["C12C","Beer and brewing"],["C12G","Wine and other alcoholic beverages"],["C13","Sugar industry"],["D01B","Obtaining natural fibres, such as cotton, wool and silk"]],"exclude":[],"note":"A sector-wide match on farming, fishing, forestry and food and fibre processing by whole classes; mining and other primary sectors are not included."},{"id":"GHXMQ7WF12","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q50/10","Business systems for hotels, travel, property, legal and education services"],["G06Q40/00","Systems for finance, insurance and accounting"],["G16H","Healthcare informatics"]],"exclude":["G06Q50/26"],"note":"A loose sector-wide match on software built for service industries; it leaves out government services and cannot see service output or productivity, which mostly generate no patents."},{"id":"8SVRNXZH1N","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"An economy-wide outcome; no technology of its own"},{"id":"WBTN1PHJ30","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"61CZJVR601","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"3P74TEFP2K","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A market and firm outcome; no technology of its own"},{"id":"DQW225WG1T","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A financing function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"D5G5SBHY0G","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A market and firm outcome; no technology of its own"},{"id":"H43AA63F15","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A regulatory function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"RG1ZATVW1X","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A firm behaviour across all fields; the whole record is counted under intellectual property"},{"id":"NCPCTQTB15","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"An institutional function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"TRDS9SJR2R","fit":"whole","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"Every patent application counts"},{"id":"9W68DJ6B2H","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A geographic and network outcome; no technology of its own"},{"id":"TEA6NZFY26","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q30/00","Commerce systems: online shopping, marketing, customer service, billing"],["G06Q10/06","Enterprise resource, workflow and project management systems"],["G06Q10/10","Office automation, collaboration and scheduling systems"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Counts business software for commerce and enterprise operations as a sign of digital tools being built for firms; it does not measure how many firms or households use them."},{"id":"KC849XB92N","fit":"tools","rules":[["G05B19/00","Programme control of machines and whole factories"],["B25J","Industrial robots and manipulators"],["G06Q50/04","Business and planning systems for manufacturing"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Counts factory automation, robotics and manufacturing software, the technologies being diffused; it does not measure adoption among small firms or the reach of extension services."},{"id":"YRDF8GQ80H","fit":"tools","rules":[["G01V5/00","Radiation scanning of cargo and baggage for prohibited goods"],["G06Q10/0831","Shipping systems for overseas transactions"]],"exclude":["G01V5/02","G01V5/04"],"note":"Counts cargo screening and cross-border shipping systems, with radiation logging of wells and ground excluded; some screening serves aviation security, and customs procedure itself is not visible."},{"id":"FYBCVAMH08","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q10/08","Logistics, shipping, warehousing and inventory management systems"],["B65G1/00","Warehouse storage and retrieval systems"],["B65G63/00","Trans-shipping at ports, rail yards and storage areas"],["B65G67/00","Loading and unloading of vehicles"],["B66C19/00","Gantry and bridge cranes, including container cranes"],["B66F9/00","Fork-lift trucks and goods-lifting loaders"],["B65D88/00","Large containers, including shipping containers and bulk tanks"],["B65D90/00","Parts and fittings for large containers"],["B63B25/00","Cargo stowage arrangements on ships"],["B63B27/00","Ship-based loading and unloading equipment"]],"exclude":["G06Q10/0831"],"note":"Counts cargo handling, container, warehouse and logistics management technology, not fleet size or port operations; the container entries also take in silos and storage tanks."},{"id":"AVXTSBPS21","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"B2QAZDXZ2D","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A treaty network; no technology of its own"},{"id":"V8C6KF930G","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A legal function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"JCMJ52VB16","fit":"tools","rules":[["G01D18/00","Testing and calibrating general measuring apparatus"],["G01R35/00","Testing and calibrating electrical instruments, including reference standards"],["G01F25/00","Testing and calibrating flow, volume and level meters"],["G01K15/00","Testing and calibrating thermometers"],["G01L25/00","Testing and calibrating force and torque instruments"],["G01L27/00","Testing and calibrating pressure instruments"],["G01G23/01","Testing and calibrating weighing apparatus"],["G01P21/00","Testing and calibrating speed and acceleration instruments"],["G06Q30/018","Systems for certifying businesses or products"]],"exclude":["G06Q30/0185"],"note":"Counts calibration of measuring instruments and product certification systems, the core of metrology and conformity assessment; general test and measurement equipment is left out as too broad, and standards bodies and accreditation are not visible."},{"id":"6JQPCGEM2S","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A trade outcome; no technology of its own"},{"id":"DW5QSK9D28","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q30/06","Buying, selling and leasing transactions, including online shopping and auctions"],["G06Q20/12","Payment systems for online shopping"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Counts e-commerce platform and online checkout technology; it cannot tell cross-border from domestic commerce."},{"id":"PY5937NB1H","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A regulatory function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"EMGZ1SS161","fit":"tools","rules":[["G06Q10/02","Reservation and ticket booking systems"],["G06Q50/12","Business systems for hotels and restaurants"],["G06Q50/14","Business systems for travel agencies"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Counts booking, hospitality and travel software; it also takes in domestic bookings and restaurants, and says nothing about arrivals or visa policy."},{"id":"5KB9EAB12S","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"09NJC7PA0S","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"C8XRF7KP2E","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A market and firm outcome; no technology of its own"},{"id":"S0V51RGQ0G","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"10PH0QCW39","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A financing function; the scheme has no entry for trade finance"},{"id":"GCSKV9Q62H","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A trade outcome; no technology of its own"},{"id":"ATRTHF2M0D","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A trade outcome; no technology of its own"},{"id":"KS82FPFZ2C","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A trade outcome; no technology of its own"},{"id":"8PD2X3JA2F","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"S9FYB02Y0F","fit":"tools","rules":[["C22B59/00","Extraction of rare earth metals"],["C01F17/00","Rare earth compounds and their separation"],["H01F1/053","Rare earth permanent magnet alloys"],["C22B26/12","Extraction of lithium"],["C01D15/00","Lithium compounds, such as carbonate and hydroxide"],["C22B23/00","Extraction of nickel and cobalt"],["C22B34/00","Extraction of titanium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum"],["C22B58/00","Extraction of gallium and indium"],["C22B41/00","Extraction of germanium"],["C01B32/20","Graphite preparation and treatment"]],"exclude":[],"note":"Counts extraction and processing technology for a set of critical minerals, a sign of capacity to supply them at home; dependency mapping, monitoring and diversification programmes are not visible."},{"id":"Z7ZXY3R92B","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"},{"id":"DPAH6SCJ1S","fit":"none","rules":[],"exclude":[],"note":"A policy function; no technology of its own"}]}