Strategic Infrastructure

Processing & Refining

Processing and refining transform raw extracted materials into refined commodities through facilities such as oil refineries, gas processing plants, smelters and mineral beneficiation plants. One of the capabilities of Resource Infrastructure.

International families: 25k2015 to 2024
Leading country: United States1.6× the next
All families: 155khome filings included
Over five years: Rising2020 to 2024 against the five before

Year by year

Patent families by country of origin and the year of the earliest filing, 2000 to 2025; 2025 is a part year, still filling in. International families are those for which protection was sought beyond one country.

Volume

International patent families in the capability, by the year of the earliest filing.

Source: Global Institute for National Capability (GINC), 2026. Underlying patents from 107 patent offices, IFI CLAIMS and Google

Share by country

Each country's share of the year's international families, in per cent: the capability's five largest countries of origin, 2015 to 2024, and the rest of the world.

Source: Global Institute for National Capability (GINC), 2026. Underlying patents from 107 patent offices, IFI CLAIMS and Google

Country leaderboard

International patent families, 2015 to 2024, by country of origin. Growth compares the latest five full years with the five before.

Ten largest

United States

China

Japan

Germany

France

South Korea

Canada

Netherlands

United Kingdom

Saudi Arabia

5,663

3,476

2,794

1,548

1,459

1,377

813

742

645

625


1	United States	5,663	22.7%	1.2×	7,644
2	China	3,476	13.9%	1.8×	113,634
3	Japan	2,794	11.2%	1.4×	8,391
4	Germany	1,548	6.2%	1.3×	1,973
5	France	1,459	5.9%	1.2×	1,712
6	South Korea	1,377	5.5%	1.8×	7,001
7	Canada	813	3.3%	1.0×	1,147
8	Netherlands	742	3.0%	0.9×	796
9	United Kingdom	645	2.6%	1.5×	767
10	Saudi Arabia	625	2.5%	1.2×	817
11	Finland	608	2.4%	1.0×	713
12	Australia	484	1.9%	1.4×	590
13	Italy	473	1.9%	1.2×	650
14	India	397	1.6%	1.0×	460
15	Denmark	294	1.2%	1.6×	316
16	Russia	279	1.1%	0.8×	2,673
17	Switzerland	268	1.1%	1.3×	304
18	Belgium	250	1.0%	1.2×	293
19	Austria	225	0.9%	1.9×	245
20	Sweden	220	0.9%	1.5×	237
21	Luxembourg	197	0.8%	2.1×	212
22	Brazil	186	0.7%	1.2×	478
23	Norway	164	0.7%	0.9×	183
24	Taiwan	160	0.6%	1.6×	603
25	Spain	155	0.6%	1.3×	200
26	Türkiye	114	0.5%	2.4×	211
27	Singapore	95	0.4%	2.0×	106
28	South Africa	95	0.4%	0.8×	102
29	Mexico	75	0.3%	0.6×	190
30	Israel	73	0.3%	1.1×	86
31	Poland	73	0.3%	1.0×	451
32	Ireland	36	0.1%	1.1×	38
33	Czechia	35	0.1%	1.9×	75
34	Portugal	34	0.1%	1.6×	44
35	Malaysia	32	0.1%	1.0×	59
36	New Zealand	23	0.1%	1.9×	25
37	Hungary	18	0.1%	1.0×	37
38	Hong Kong	9	0.0%	1.3×	16
39	Cayman Islands	4	0.0%	0.0×	6
40	Liechtenstein	2	0.0%	–	2

Applicants

The largest applicants by international patent families, 2015 to 2024: across the world, then within each of the five countries with the most families in Processing & Refining. Names are as held in the source and are not consolidated across subsidiaries.

Global

24,936 international families

SAUDI ARABIAN OIL CO · Saudi Arabia

ARAMCO SERVICES CO · Saudi Arabia

IFP ENERGIES NOW · France

UOP LLC · United States

JFE STEEL CORP · Japan

SABIC GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES BV · Netherlands

643

491

486

477

411

353

United States

5,663 international families

UOP LLC

CHEVRON USA INC

EXXONMOBIL RES & ENG CO

EXXONMOBIL TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING COMPANY

EXXONMOBIL CHEMICAL PATENTS INC

DOW GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES LLC

476

276

244

189

148

124

China

3,476 international families

GUANGDONG BRUNP RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY CO LTD

HUNAN BRUNP RECYCLING TECH CO LTD

CHINA PETROLEUM & CHEM CORP

CHINA PETROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY CO LTD

SINOPEC RES INST PETROLEUM

PETROCHINA CO LTD

284

222

109

Japan

2,794 international families

JFE STEEL CORP

SUMITOMO METAL MINING CO

NIPPON STEEL CORP

JX NIPPON MINING & METALS CORP

KOBE STEEL LTD

HONDA MOTOR CO LTD

410

240

108

Germany

1,548 international families

BASF SE

LINDE AG

LINDE GMBH

THYSSENKRUPP AG

THYSSENKRUPP STEEL EUROPE AG

SMS GROUP GMBH

275

France

1,459 international families

IFP ENERGIES NOW

2.0% shared · 1,505 families in both

Japan

United States

Germany

China

South Korea

10,180

8,639

7,064

6,169

4,954

Crosswalk

How Processing & Refining is matched to the patent classifications. The entries below were chosen for it; each stands for itself and everything beneath it in the scheme, 1,446 Cooperative entries in all. A patent family counts when any of its codes, in either scheme and at any office, falls under one of them. Codes since retired are placed under the entries that replaced them.

Entry	Title in the scheme	Why it is chosen	CPC codes	IPC codes	Documents
C10G	Cracking hydrocarbon oils; production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures, e.g. by destructive hydrogenation, oligomerisation, polymerisation; recovery of hydrocarbon oils from oil-shale, oil-sand, or gases; refining mixtures mainly consisting of hydrocarbons; reforming of naphtha; mineral waxes	Oil refining: cracking, hydrotreating, distillation of hydrocarbon oils	492	325	1,157,483
C10L3/10	Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas	Natural gas processing and conditioning	9	2	38,270
C10B	Destructive distillation of carbonaceous materials for production of gas, coke, tar, or similar materials	Coke ovens and destructive distillation of coal	182	178	238,022
C22B	Production and refining of metals; pretreatment of raw materials	Smelting, extraction and refining of non-ferrous metals	416	161	809,414
C21B	Manufacture of iron or steel	Ironmaking in blast furnaces and direct reduction	141	51	232,562
C25C	Processes for the electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals; apparatus therefor	Electrowinning and electrolytic refining of metals	46	41	165,055
B03B	Separating solid materials using liquids or using pneumatic tables or jigs	Wet and gravity concentration of ores	78	60	129,100
B03D	Flotation; differential sedimentation	Froth flotation of ores	76	40	148,851
B03C1/00	Magnetic separation	Magnetic separation of ores	44	35	121,710

CPC and IPC codes are the codes in use on patent documents, at any office, that fall under the entry. Documents is the larger of the two schemes' counts of documents carrying one of them. An entry with no IPC codes can be told apart only in the Cooperative scheme.

The Cooperative codes in use that count towards Processing & Refining: 1,484 codes on 2,800,205 documents. The 150 most used are listed; the full list is in the cpc-to-capability.csv download.

Code	Title	Under entry	How placed	Documents
C10G2300/202	Heteroatoms content, i.e. S, N, O, P	C10G	In the scheme	26,084
C10G2400/02	Gasoline	C10G	In the scheme	21,004
C10G2400/20	C2-C4 olefins	C10G	In the scheme	19,453
C10B53/02	Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of cellulose-containing material	C10B	In the scheme	17,682
C10G2400/04	Diesel oil	C10G	In the scheme	17,370
C22B3/44	Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by chemical processes	C22B	In the scheme	16,324
C10G11/18	Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts according to the "fluidised-bed" technique	C10G	In the scheme	16,259
C10G1/10	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste	C10G	In the scheme	15,848
C22B7/007	Wet processes by acid leaching	C22B	In the scheme	15,587
C22B26/12	Obtaining lithium	C22B	In the scheme	15,148
C22B7/006	Wet processes	C22B	In the scheme	15,009
C10G2300/1014	Biomass of vegetal origin	C10G	In the scheme	14,581
B03C1/30	Combinations with other devices, not otherwise provided for	B03C1/00	In the scheme	14,033
C10G1/002	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes	C10G	In the scheme	14,032
C10G11/05	Crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves	C10G	In the scheme	13,882
C10G45/08	Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof in combination with chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten metals, or compounds thereof	C10G	In the scheme	13,706
C10G2300/1011	Biomass	C10G	In the scheme	13,265
C10G2300/1003	Waste materials	C10G	In the scheme	12,953
C10G2300/4006	Temperature	C10G	In the scheme	12,497
C10G2400/30	Aromatics	C10G	In the scheme	12,438
C10B53/07	Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of solid raw materials consisting of synthetic polymeric materials, e.g. tyres	C10B	In the scheme	12,434
C22B1/02	Roasting processes	C22B	In the scheme	12,430
C10B53/00	Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form	C10B	In the scheme	12,313
C10G3/50	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids in the presence of hydrogen, hydrogen donors or hydrogen generating compounds	C10G	In the scheme	11,548
C22B3/08	Sulfuric acid, other sulfurated acids or salts thereof	C22B	In the scheme	11,435
C22B59/00	Obtaining rare earth metals	C22B	In the scheme	11,398
C22B7/04	Working-up slag	C22B	In the scheme	11,367
C10G2300/4081	Recycling aspects	C10G	In the scheme	11,288
C22B7/001	Dry processes	C22B	In the scheme	11,236
C10G2300/301	Boiling range	C10G	In the scheme	11,043
B03D2201/02	Collectors	B03D	In the scheme	10,492
C10G1/02	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by distillation	C10G	In the scheme	10,469
B03D1/02	Froth-flotation processes	B03D	In the scheme	10,416
C10G65/12	Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only including cracking steps and other hydrotreatment steps	C10G	In the scheme	10,371
C22B3/42	Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by ion-exchange extraction	C22B	In the scheme	10,113
C22B11/04	Obtaining noble metals by wet processes	C22B	In the scheme	10,050
C10G2300/70	Catalyst aspects	C10G	In the scheme	10,035
C10G1/00	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal	C10G	In the scheme	9,985
C25C7/02	Electrodes; Connections thereof	C25C	In the scheme	9,949
C10L3/10	Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas	C10L3/10	In the scheme	9,937
C10G2400/10	Lubricating oil	C10G	In the scheme	9,748
C22B1/005	Preliminary treatment of scrap	C22B	In the scheme	9,585
C10G45/64	Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves	C10G	In the scheme	9,262
C10G2/32	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts	C10G	In the scheme	9,162
C10G2300/4018	Spatial velocity, e.g. LHSV, WHSV	C10G	In the scheme	9,007
C22B3/22	Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by physical processes, e.g. by filtration, by magnetic means, or by thermal decomposition	C22B	In the scheme	8,902
C22B7/02	Working-up flue dust	C22B	In the scheme	8,902
C10G2300/4012	Pressure	C10G	In the scheme	8,871
C22B3/02	Apparatus therefor	C22B	In the scheme	8,478
B03C1/02	Magnetic separation acting directly on the substance being separated	B03C1/00	In the scheme	8,445
C10G2400/08	Jet fuel	C10G	In the scheme	8,389
C10G2/332	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals of the iron-group	C10G	In the scheme	8,367
C10G50/00	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from lower carbon number hydrocarbons, e.g. by oligomerisation	C10G	In the scheme	8,337
C25C7/06	Operating or servicing	C25C	In the scheme	8,336
C22B1/2406	Binding; Briquetting ; Granulating pelletizing	C22B	In the scheme	8,268
C10G2300/107	Atmospheric residues having a boiling point of at least about 538 °C	C10G	In the scheme	8,207
C21B13/0073	Selection or treatment of the reducing gases	C21B	In the scheme	8,203
C10G47/00	Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions	C10G	In the scheme	8,143
B03B7/00	Combinations of wet processes or apparatus with other processes or apparatus, e.g. for dressing ores or garbage	B03B	In the scheme	8,084
C10G7/00	Distillation of hydrocarbon oils	C10G	In the scheme	8,044
C10G45/02	Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing	C10G	In the scheme	7,964
B03C1/288	Magnetic plugs and dipsticks disposed at the outer circumference of a recipient	B03C1/00	In the scheme	7,817
B03D2203/02	Ores	B03D	In the scheme	7,811
C10G9/00	Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils	C10G	In the scheme	7,807
C10G3/49	Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used further characterised by the catalyst support containing crystalline aluminosilicates, e.g. molecular sieves	C10G	In the scheme	7,726
C25C3/08	Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes	C25C	In the scheme	7,696
C10G2300/1044	Heavy gasoline or naphtha having a boiling range of about 100 - 180 °C	C10G	In the scheme	7,638
C25C1/12	Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions of copper	C25C	In the scheme	7,587
C10G45/00	Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds	C10G	In the scheme	7,553
C10G45/04	Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used	C10G	In the scheme	7,533
C22B23/0461	Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by chemical methods	C22B	In the scheme	7,498
C22B23/043	Sulfurated acids or salts thereof	C22B	In the scheme	7,461
C10G2300/1022	Fischer-Tropsch products	C10G	In the scheme	7,443
B03B9/00	General arrangement of separating plant, e.g. flow sheets	B03B	In the scheme	7,318
B03B9/06	General arrangement of separating plant, e.g. flow sheets specially adapted for refuse	B03B	In the scheme	7,280
C10G2300/205	Metal content	C10G	In the scheme	7,227
C22B5/10	Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by solid carbonaceous reducing agents	C22B	In the scheme	7,206
C10G9/36	Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts with heated gases or vapours	C10G	In the scheme	7,159
C10G33/04	Dewatering or demulsification of hydrocarbon oils with chemical means	C10G	In the scheme	7,153
C22B3/24	Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by physical processes, e.g. by filtration, by magnetic means, or by thermal decomposition by adsorption on solid substances, e.g. by extraction with solid resins	C22B	In the scheme	7,111
C25C7/00	Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells	C25C	In the scheme	7,024
C22B1/00	Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap	C22B	In the scheme	6,798
C22B7/005	Separation by a physical processing technique only, e.g. by mechanical breaking	C22B	In the scheme	6,766
C22B1/16	Sintering; Agglomerating	C22B	In the scheme	6,709
C21B13/14	Multi-stage processes processes carried out in different vessels or furnaces	C21B	In the scheme	6,674
C10G2300/1033	Oil well production fluids	C10G	In the scheme	6,532
C22B3/04	Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes by leaching	C22B	In the scheme	6,438
C22B47/00	Obtaining manganese	C22B	In the scheme	6,431
B03B9/061	General arrangement of separating plant, e.g. flow sheets specially adapted for refuse the refuse being industrial	B03B	In the scheme	6,406
C22B3/06	Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes by leaching in inorganic acid solutions, e.g. with acids generated in situ; in inorganic salt solutions other than ammonium salt solutions	C22B	In the scheme	6,369
C10G25/003	Specific sorbent material, not covered by C10G25/02 or C10G25/03	C10G	In the scheme	6,338
B03C1/0332	Component parts; Auxiliary operations characterised by the magnetic circuit using permanent magnets	B03C1/00	In the scheme	6,279
C10G2300/1077	Vacuum residues	C10G	In the scheme	6,228
B03C1/01	Pretreatment specially adapted for magnetic separation by addition of magnetic adjuvants	B03C1/00	In the scheme	6,196
C22B7/00	Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals	C22B	In the scheme	6,184
C22B3/10	Hydrochloric acid, other halogenated acids or salts thereof	C22B	In the scheme	6,177
C10L3/103	Sulfur containing contaminants	C10L3/10	In the scheme	6,173
C22B3/26	Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by liquid-liquid extraction using organic compounds	C22B	In the scheme	6,101
C22B9/18	Electroslag remelting	C22B	In the scheme	6,078
C22B9/05	Refining by treating with gases, e.g. gas flushing also refining by means of a material generating gas in situ	C22B	In the scheme	6,070
C21B2100/44	Removing particles, e.g. by scrubbing, dedusting	C21B	In the scheme	6,043
C10G3/00	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids	C10G	In the scheme	5,931
C10L3/104	Carbon dioxide	C10L3/10	In the scheme	5,926
C22B15/0071	Leaching or slurrying with acids or salts thereof containing sulfur	C22B	In the scheme	5,900
C10G45/58	Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins	C10G	In the scheme	5,888
C10G2300/302	Viscosity	C10G	In the scheme	5,815
C22B5/04	Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by aluminium, other metals or silicon	C22B	In the scheme	5,799
C10G3/42	Catalytic treatment	C10G	In the scheme	5,783
C21B7/24	Test rods or other checking devices	C21B	In the scheme	5,754
C10G2300/44	Solvents	C10G	In the scheme	5,737
C10G67/02	Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only plural serial stages only	C10G	In the scheme	5,600
C10G11/182	Regeneration	C10G	In the scheme	5,546
C22B26/22	Obtaining magnesium	C22B	In the scheme	5,544
C21B13/00	Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes	C21B	In the scheme	5,463
C10G2300/308	Gravity, density, e.g. API	C10G	In the scheme	5,446
C10G2300/207	Acid gases, e.g. H2S, COS, SO2, HCN	C10G	In the scheme	5,431
B03D1/008	Organic compounds containing oxygen	B03D	In the scheme	5,415
B03D1/012	Organic compounds containing sulfur	B03D	In the scheme	5,360
C21B3/08	Cooling slag	C21B	In the scheme	5,353
C22B1/24	Binding; Briquetting ; Granulating	C22B	In the scheme	5,331
C10G47/16	Crystalline alumino-silicate carriers	C10G	In the scheme	5,290
C10G2300/1018	Biomass of animal origin	C10G	In the scheme	5,234
C10G1/04	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by extraction	C10G	In the scheme	5,228
C10G65/04	Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only including only refining steps	C10G	In the scheme	5,157
C10G2300/1037	Hydrocarbon fractions	C10G	In the scheme	5,126
C10G69/06	Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only including at least one step of thermal cracking in the absence of hydrogen	C10G	In the scheme	5,122
C10L3/101	Removal of contaminants	C10L3/10	In the scheme	5,086
C10G3/46	Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used containing iron group metals or compounds thereof in combination with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten metals or compounds thereof	C10G	In the scheme	5,054
C10G35/095	Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves	C10G	In the scheme	5,000
C10G2300/1096	Aromatics or polyaromatics	C10G	In the scheme	4,974
C10G29/205	Organic compounds not containing metal atoms by reaction with hydrocarbons added to the hydrocarbon oil	C10G	In the scheme	4,953
C10G11/00	Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils	C10G	In the scheme	4,933
C10B55/00	Coking mineral oils, bitumen, tar, and the like or mixtures thereof with solid carbonaceous material	C10B	In the scheme	4,895
B03D1/1462	Discharge mechanisms for the froth	B03D	In the scheme	4,883
B03D1/028	Control and monitoring of flotation processes; computer models therefor	B03D	In the scheme	4,781
C21B7/10	Cooling; Devices therefor	C21B	In the scheme	4,763
C22B5/12	Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by gases	C22B	In the scheme	4,727
C22B3/18	Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes with the aid of microorganisms or enzymes, e.g. bacteria or algae	C22B	In the scheme	4,722
C10B57/06	Other carbonising or coking processes; Features of destructive distillation processes in general using charges of special composition containing additives	C10B	In the scheme	4,708
B03D1/01	Organic compounds containing nitrogen	B03D	In the scheme	4,690
C10G9/20	Tube furnaces	C10G	In the scheme	4,666
C22B9/02	Refining by liquating, filtering, centrifuging, distilling, or supersonic wave action including acoustic waves	C22B	In the scheme	4,646
C22B34/22	Obtaining vanadium	C22B	In the scheme	4,629
C10G2/30	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen	C10G	In the scheme	4,615
C21B3/06	Treatment of liquid slag	C21B	In the scheme	4,601
C10G2400/22	Higher olefins	C10G	In the scheme	4,589
C22B7/008	Wet processes by an alkaline or ammoniacal leaching	C22B	In the scheme	4,586
C21B5/00	Making pig-iron in the blast furnace	C21B	In the scheme	4,578
B03B11/00	Feed or discharge devices integral with washing or wet-separating equipment	B03B	In the scheme	4,556
C10G69/04	Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only including at least one step of catalytic cracking in the absence of hydrogen	C10G	In the scheme	4,530

Match: Direct

The capability is itself a technology or a kind of physical system, and the classification names it. Steelmaking and rolling are placed under Materials & Inputs; C22B includes metal recovery from scrap. The crosswalk is a first pass that nobody has reviewed.

Processing & Refining

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Global

United States

China

Japan

Germany

France

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