Critical Technology

Synthetic Biology & Genetic Engineering

The capacity to write biology: engineering organisms and biological systems, gene editing, design tools and the platform technologies that turn biology into an engineering discipline. One of the capabilities of Biotechnology & Health Technologies.

International families: 74k2015 to 2024
Leading country: United States2.2× the next
All families: 218khome filings included
Over five years: Rising2020 to 2024 against the five before

Year by year

Patent families by country of origin and the year of the earliest filing, 2000 to 2025; 2025 is a part year, still filling in. International families are those for which protection was sought beyond one country.

Volume

International patent families in the capability, by the year of the earliest filing.

Source: Global Institute for National Capability (GINC), 2026. Underlying patents from 107 patent offices, IFI CLAIMS and Google

Share by country

Each country's share of the year's international families, in per cent: the capability's five largest countries of origin, 2015 to 2024, and the rest of the world.

Source: Global Institute for National Capability (GINC), 2026. Underlying patents from 107 patent offices, IFI CLAIMS and Google

Country leaderboard

International patent families, 2015 to 2024, by country of origin. Growth compares the latest five full years with the five before.

Ten largest

United States

China

Japan

South Korea

Germany

United Kingdom

Switzerland

France

Canada

Netherlands

31,378

14,103

6,820

3,970

2,703

2,220

1,793

1,697

1,203

1,018


1	United States	31,378	42.2%	1.3×	37,786
2	China	14,103	19.0%	2.6×	140,163
3	Japan	6,820	9.2%	1.0×	9,543
4	South Korea	3,970	5.3%	1.5×	8,668
5	Germany	2,703	3.6%	1.0×	2,872
6	United Kingdom	2,220	3.0%	1.1×	2,353
7	Switzerland	1,793	2.4%	0.9×	2,000
8	France	1,697	2.3%	1.0×	1,780
9	Canada	1,203	1.6%	1.1×	1,360
10	Netherlands	1,018	1.4%	1.1×	1,202
11	Denmark	790	1.1%	0.9×	812
12	Israel	761	1.0%	1.3×	973
13	Belgium	668	0.9%	1.2×	691
14	Australia	628	0.8%	1.1×	652
15	Taiwan	530	0.7%	1.0×	809
16	Singapore	516	0.7%	1.6×	538
17	Italy	438	0.6%	1.3×	476
18	Spain	436	0.6%	1.4×	472
19	Sweden	413	0.6%	1.5×	437
20	India	337	0.5%	1.4×	365
21	Ireland	211	0.3%	1.0×	222
22	Austria	175	0.2%	0.8×	178
23	Russia	162	0.2%	1.3×	872
24	Brazil	154	0.2%	0.8×	420
25	Türkiye	132	0.2%	2.0×	185
26	Norway	111	0.1%	1.0×	114
27	Finland	94	0.1%	0.8×	100
28	Portugal	78	0.1%	1.5×	88
29	Poland	72	0.1%	1.3×	153
30	New Zealand	72	0.1%	1.1×	80
31	Cayman Islands	69	0.1%	0.7×	75
32	Hong Kong	65	0.1%	1.8×	105
33	Hungary	52	0.1%	1.3×	65
34	South Africa	43	0.1%	0.8×	46
35	Mexico	35	0.0%	0.5×	178
36	Czechia	33	0.0%	1.8×	67
37	Luxembourg	21	0.0%	0.2×	25
38	Saudi Arabia	20	0.0%	1.2×	34
39	Malaysia	16	0.0%	0.1×	57
40	Liechtenstein	5	0.0%	0.0×	5

Applicants

The largest applicants by international patent families, 2015 to 2024: across the world, then within each of the five countries with the most families in Synthetic Biology & Genetic Engineering. Names are as held in the source and are not consolidated across subsidiaries.

Global

74,420 international families

UNIV CALIFORNIA · United States

PIONEER HI BRED INT · United States

INST NAT SANTE RECH MED · France

HOFFMANN LA ROCHE · Switzerland

HARVARD COLLEGE · United States

UNIV LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR · United States

1,314

733

607

567

528

512

United States

31,378 international families

UNIV CALIFORNIA

PIONEER HI BRED INT

HARVARD COLLEGE

UNIV LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR

UNIV TEXAS

MASSACHUSETTS INST TECHNOLOGY

1,283

730

526

497

486

China

14,103 international families

UNIV JIANGNAN

SHENZHEN INST OF ADV TECH CAS

SHENZHEN BIOCAN TECH CO LTD

BGI SHENZHEN

UNIV TSINGHUA

BIOCYTOGEN PHARMACEUTICALS BEIJING CO LTD

229

165

147

146

134

132

Japan

6,820 international families

UNIV KYOTO

UNIV TOKYO

UNIV OSAKA

CHUGAI PHARMACEUTICAL CO LTD

KANEKA CORP

FUJIFILM CORP

321

304

275

170

165

162

South Korea

3,970 international families

CJ CHEILJEDANG CORP

SEOUL NAT UNIV R&DB FOUNDATION

KOREA ADVANCED INST SCI & TECH

UNIV KOREA RES & BUS FOUND

KOREA RES INST BIOSCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY

DAESANG CORP

468

202

136

134

107

103

Germany

2,703 international families

1.1% shared · 965 families in both

United States

China

Japan

Germany

South Korea

4,153

2,013

1,410

792

720

Crosswalk

How Synthetic Biology & Genetic Engineering is matched to the patent classifications. The entries below were chosen for it; each stands for itself and everything beneath it in the scheme, 205 Cooperative entries in all. A patent family counts when any of its codes, in either scheme and at any office, falls under one of them. Codes since retired are placed under the entries that replaced them.

Entry	Title in the scheme	Why it is chosen	CPC codes	IPC codes	Documents
C12N15/00	Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor	Genetic engineering: recombinant DNA, vectors, gene editing	191	105	2,684,825
C12N9/22	Ribonucleases [RNase]; Deoxyribonucleases [DNase]	Nucleases, including gene-editing enzymes	4	1	110,255
C12N2310/20	Type of nucleic acid involving clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats [CRISPR]	CRISPR nucleic acids	1	none	56,271
C12N5/10	Cells modified by introduction of foreign genetic material	Genetically modified cells	6	4	338,608
A01K67/0275	Genetically modified vertebrates, e.g. transgenic	Genetically modified animals	3	3	56,912

CPC and IPC codes are the codes in use on patent documents, at any office, that fall under the entry. Documents is the larger of the two schemes' counts of documents carrying one of them. An entry with no IPC codes can be told apart only in the Cooperative scheme.

The Cooperative codes in use that count towards Synthetic Biology & Genetic Engineering: 205 codes on 2,177,683 documents. The 150 most used are listed; the full list is in the cpc-to-capability.csv download.

Code	Title	Under entry	How placed	Documents
C12N15/86	Viral vectors	C12N15/00	In the scheme	143,671
C12N15/113	Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing	C12N15/00	In the scheme	141,147
C12N15/85	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells	C12N15/00	In the scheme	85,099
C12N15/11	DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity	C12N15/00	In the scheme	82,839
C12N15/63	Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression	C12N15/00	In the scheme	71,897
C12N15/70	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for E. coli	C12N15/00	In the scheme	68,035
C12N9/22	Ribonucleases [RNase]; Deoxyribonucleases [DNase]	C12N9/22	In the scheme	63,741
C12N15/52	Genes encoding for enzymes or proenzymes	C12N15/00	In the scheme	58,479
C12N2310/20	Type of nucleic acid involving clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats [CRISPR]	C12N2310/20	In the scheme	56,271
C12N15/62	DNA sequences coding for fusion proteins	C12N15/00	In the scheme	52,949
C12N15/111	General methods applicable to biologically active non-coding nucleic acids	C12N15/00	In the scheme	40,614
C12N15/1137	Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against enzymes	C12N15/00	In the scheme	37,087
C12N9/226	Class 2 CAS enzyme complex, e.g. single CAS protein	C12N9/22	In the scheme	34,636
C12N15/8509	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells for producing genetically modified animals, e.g. transgenic	C12N15/00	In the scheme	33,541
C12N15/09	Recombinant DNA-technology	C12N15/00	In the scheme	32,526
C12N5/10	Cells modified by introduction of foreign genetic material	C12N5/10	In the scheme	30,732
C12N15/907	Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome using homologous recombination in mammalian cells	C12N15/00	In the scheme	29,808
C12N15/8261	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield	C12N15/00	In the scheme	29,310
C12N15/102	Mutagenizing nucleic acids	C12N15/00	In the scheme	28,517
C12N15/1138	Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against receptors or cell surface proteins	C12N15/00	In the scheme	28,439
C12N15/00	Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor	C12N15/00	In the scheme	26,799
C12N15/87	Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation	C12N15/00	In the scheme	26,406
C12N15/81	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for fungi for yeasts	C12N15/00	In the scheme	25,823
A01K67/0275	Genetically modified vertebrates, e.g. transgenic	A01K67/0275	In the scheme	24,816
C12N15/10	Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA	C12N15/00	In the scheme	24,245
C12N15/74	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for prokaryotic hosts other than E. coli, e.g. Lactobacillus, Micromonospora	C12N15/00	In the scheme	23,870
C12N15/88	Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation using microencapsulation, e.g. using amphiphile liposome vesicle	C12N15/00	In the scheme	21,816
C12N15/8286	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance for insect resistance	C12N15/00	In the scheme	21,672
C12N15/67	General methods for enhancing the expression	C12N15/00	In the scheme	20,492
C12N15/115	Aptamers, i.e. nucleic acids binding a target molecule specifically and with high affinity without hybridising therewith ; Nucleic acids binding to non-nucleic acids, e.g. aptamers	C12N15/00	In the scheme	19,990
C12N15/8218	Antisense, co-suppression, viral induced gene silencing [VIGS], post-transcriptional induced gene silencing [PTGS]	C12N15/00	In the scheme	19,124
C12N15/8247	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving modified lipid metabolism, e.g. seed oil composition	C12N15/00	In the scheme	17,549
C12N15/8243	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine	C12N15/00	In the scheme	17,050
C12N15/8274	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for herbicide resistance	C12N15/00	In the scheme	17,048
C12N15/8273	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for drought, cold, salt resistance	C12N15/00	In the scheme	16,612
C12N15/8205	Agrobacterium mediated transformation	C12N15/00	In the scheme	16,419
A01K67/0278	Knock-in vertebrates, e.g. humanised vertebrates	A01K67/0275	In the scheme	16,316
A01K67/0276	Knock-out vertebrates	A01K67/0275	In the scheme	15,780
C12N15/8216	Methods for controlling, regulating or enhancing expression of transgenes in plant cells	C12N15/00	In the scheme	15,552
C12N15/90	Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome	C12N15/00	In the scheme	14,597
C12N15/815	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for fungi for yeasts for yeasts other than Saccharomyces	C12N15/00	In the scheme	14,290
C12N15/1003	Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor	C12N15/00	In the scheme	13,759
C12N15/8245	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving modified carbohydrate or sugar alcohol metabolism, e.g. starch biosynthesis	C12N15/00	In the scheme	13,565
C12N15/8271	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance	C12N15/00	In the scheme	13,142
C12N15/8282	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance for fungal resistance	C12N15/00	In the scheme	13,004
C12N15/1037	Screening libraries presented on the surface of microorganisms, e.g. phage display, E. coli display	C12N15/00	In the scheme	12,437
C12N15/1135	Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes	C12N15/00	In the scheme	12,097
C12N15/80	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for fungi	C12N15/00	In the scheme	11,843
C12N15/1136	Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against growth factors, growth regulators, cytokines, lymphokines or hormones	C12N15/00	In the scheme	11,705
C12N15/66	General methods for inserting a gene into a vector to form a recombinant vector using cleavage and ligation; Use of non-functional linkers or adaptors, e.g. linkers containing the sequence for a restriction endonuclease	C12N15/00	In the scheme	11,564
C12N15/1093	General methods of preparing gene libraries, not provided for in other subgroups	C12N15/00	In the scheme	11,456
C12N15/8279	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance	C12N15/00	In the scheme	11,418
C12N15/8213	Targeted insertion of genes into the plant genome by homologous recombination	C12N15/00	In the scheme	10,633
C12N15/82	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)	C12N15/00	In the scheme	10,613
C12N15/8257	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits for the production of primary gene products, e.g. pharmaceutical products, interferon	C12N15/00	In the scheme	9,907
C12N15/1065	Preparation or screening of tagged libraries, e.g. tagged microorganisms by STM-mutagenesis, tagged polynucleotides, gene tags	C12N15/00	In the scheme	9,888
C12N15/8289	Male sterility	C12N15/00	In the scheme	9,828
C12N15/902	Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome using homologous recombination	C12N15/00	In the scheme	9,728
C12N15/75	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for prokaryotic hosts other than E. coli, e.g. Lactobacillus, Micromonospora for Bacillus	C12N15/00	In the scheme	9,492
C12N15/79	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts	C12N15/00	In the scheme	9,427
C12N15/1131	Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against viruses	C12N15/00	In the scheme	9,301
C12N15/77	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for prokaryotic hosts other than E. coli, e.g. Lactobacillus, Micromonospora for Corynebacterium; for Brevibacterium	C12N15/00	In the scheme	9,079
C12N15/01	Preparation of mutants without inserting foreign genetic material therein; Screening processes therefor	C12N15/00	In the scheme	8,999
C12N15/64	General methods for preparing the vector, for introducing it into the cell or for selecting the vector-containing host	C12N15/00	In the scheme	8,820
C12N15/65	Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression using markers	C12N15/00	In the scheme	8,667
C12N15/1006	Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor by means of a solid support carrier, e.g. particles, polymers	C12N15/00	In the scheme	8,618
C12N15/8241	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology	C12N15/00	In the scheme	8,533
C12N9/222	Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats [CRISPR]-associated [CAS] enzymes	C12N9/22	In the scheme	8,363
C12N15/8251	Amino acid content, e.g. synthetic storage proteins, altering amino acid biosynthesis	C12N15/00	In the scheme	8,053
C12N15/117	Nucleic acids having immunomodulatory properties, e.g. containing CpG-motifs	C12N15/00	In the scheme	7,822
C12N15/8275	Glyphosate	C12N15/00	In the scheme	7,657
C12N15/1096	Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA cDNA Synthesis; Subtracted cDNA library construction, e.g. RT, RT-PCR	C12N15/00	In the scheme	7,598
C12N15/1013	Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor by means of a solid support carrier, e.g. particles, polymers by using magnetic beads	C12N15/00	In the scheme	7,420
C12N15/625	DNA sequences coding for fusion proteins containing a sequence coding for a signal sequence	C12N15/00	In the scheme	7,304
C12N15/1034	Isolating an individual clone by screening libraries	C12N15/00	In the scheme	6,758
C12N5/16	Animal cells	C12N5/10	In the scheme	6,405
C12N15/8283	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance for virus resistance	C12N15/00	In the scheme	6,036
C12N15/861	Adenoviral vectors	C12N15/00	In the scheme	5,766
C12N15/825	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving pigment biosynthesis	C12N15/00	In the scheme	5,288
C12N15/8242	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits	C12N15/00	In the scheme	5,268
C12N15/101	Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor by means of a solid support carrier, e.g. particles, polymers by chromatography, e.g. electrophoresis, ion-exchange, reverse phase	C12N15/00	In the scheme	5,155
C12N15/8201	Methods for introducing genetic material into plant cells, e.g. DNA, RNA, stable or transient incorporation, tissue culture methods adapted for transformation	C12N15/00	In the scheme	5,146
C12N15/8222	Developmentally regulated expression systems, tissue, organ specific, temporal or spatial regulation	C12N15/00	In the scheme	5,123
C12N15/8209	Selection, visualisation of transformants, reporter constructs, e.g. antibiotic resistance markers	C12N15/00	In the scheme	5,064
C12N15/1086	Preparation or screening of expression libraries, e.g. reporter assays	C12N15/00	In the scheme	4,958
C12N15/635	Externally inducible repressor mediated regulation of gene expression, e.g. tetR inducible by tetracyline	C12N15/00	In the scheme	4,875
C12N15/8281	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance for bacterial resistance	C12N15/00	In the scheme	4,865
C12N15/1058	Directional evolution of libraries, e.g. evolution of libraries is achieved by mutagenesis and screening or selection of mixed population of organisms	C12N15/00	In the scheme	4,844
C12N15/1082	Preparation or screening gene libraries by chromosomal integration of polynucleotide sequences, HR-, site-specific-recombination, transposons, viral vectors	C12N15/00	In the scheme	4,795
C12N15/746	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for prokaryotic hosts other than E. coli, e.g. Lactobacillus, Micromonospora for lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus; Lactococcus; Lactobacillus; Pediococcus; Enterococcus; Leuconostoc; Propionibacterium; Bifidobacterium; Sporolactobacillus)	C12N15/00	In the scheme	4,781
C12N15/1017	Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor by filtration, e.g. using filters, frits, membranes	C12N15/00	In the scheme	4,771
C12N15/827	Flower development or morphology, e.g. flowering promoting factor [FPF]	C12N15/00	In the scheme	4,655
C12N2015/8518	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells for producing genetically modified animals, e.g. transgenic expressing industrially exogenous proteins, e.g. for pharmaceutical use, human insulin, blood factors, immunoglobulins, pseudoparticles	C12N15/00	In the scheme	4,553
C12N15/8234	Seed-specific, e.g. embryo, endosperm	C12N15/00	In the scheme	4,136
C12N15/8258	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits for the production of primary gene products, e.g. pharmaceutical products, interferon for the production of oral vaccines (antigens) or immunoglobulins	C12N15/00	In the scheme	4,135
C12N15/1068	Template (nucleic acid) mediated chemical library synthesis, e.g. chemical and enzymatical DNA-templated organic molecule synthesis, libraries prepared by non ribosomal polypeptide synthesis [NRPS], DNA/RNA-polymerase mediated polypeptide synthesis	C12N15/00	In the scheme	4,072
C12N5/163	Animal cells one of the fusion partners being a B or a T lymphocyte	C12N5/10	In the scheme	4,034
C12N15/8285	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance for nematode resistance	C12N15/00	In the scheme	3,893
C12N15/8278	Sulfonylurea	C12N15/00	In the scheme	3,620
C12N15/1075	Isolating an individual clone by screening libraries by coupling phenotype to genotype, not provided for in other groups of this subclass	C12N15/00	In the scheme	3,556
C12N15/76	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for prokaryotic hosts other than E. coli, e.g. Lactobacillus, Micromonospora for Actinomyces; for Streptomyces	C12N15/00	In the scheme	3,544
C12N9/224	Class 1 CAS enzyme complex, e.g. multi-enzyme	C12N9/22	In the scheme	3,515
C12N15/867	Retroviral vectors	C12N15/00	In the scheme	3,457
C12N15/1055	Protein x Protein interaction, e.g. two hybrid selection	C12N15/00	In the scheme	3,412
C12N15/8246	Non-starch polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, fructans, levans	C12N15/00	In the scheme	3,299
C12N5/12	Fused cells, e.g. hybridomas	C12N5/10	In the scheme	3,253
C12N15/89	Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation using microinjection	C12N15/00	In the scheme	3,225
C12N15/8287	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for fertility modification, e.g. apomixis	C12N15/00	In the scheme	3,215
C12N15/1048	Selex	C12N15/00	In the scheme	3,214
C12N15/8645	Adeno-associated virus	C12N15/00	In the scheme	3,104
C12N15/8237	Externally regulated expression systems	C12N15/00	In the scheme	3,077
C12N15/1132	Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against viruses against retroviridae, e.g. HIV	C12N15/00	In the scheme	3,031
C12N15/1079	Screening libraries by altering the phenotype or phenotypic trait of the host	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,829
C12N15/8227	Root-specific	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,767
C12N15/873	Techniques for producing new embryos, e.g. nuclear transfer, manipulation of totipotent cells or production of chimeric embryos	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,718
C12N15/8214	Plastid transformation	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,716
C12N15/1027	Mutagenizing nucleic acids by DNA shuffling, e.g. RSR, STEP, RPR	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,713
C12N15/8207	Methods for introducing genetic material into plant cells, e.g. DNA, RNA, stable or transient incorporation, tissue culture methods adapted for transformation by physical or chemical, i.e. non-biological, means, e.g. electroporation, PEG mediated by mechanical means, e.g. microinjection, particle bombardment, silicon whiskers	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,646
C12N15/8203	Virus mediated transformation	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,613
C12N15/8238	Externally regulated expression systems chemically inducible, e.g. tetracycline	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,558
C12N15/1089	Design, preparation, screening or analysis of libraries using computer algorithms	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,545
C12N15/1031	Mutagenizing nucleic acids mutagenesis by gene assembly, e.g. assembly by oligonucleotide extension PCR	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,437
C12N15/8223	Vegetative tissue-specific promoters	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,364
C12N15/8206	Methods for introducing genetic material into plant cells, e.g. DNA, RNA, stable or transient incorporation, tissue culture methods adapted for transformation by physical or chemical, i.e. non-biological, means, e.g. electroporation, PEG mediated	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,363
C12N15/78	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for prokaryotic hosts other than E. coli, e.g. Lactobacillus, Micromonospora for Pseudomonas	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,338
C12N15/8277	Phosphinotricin	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,307
C12N15/8249	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving ethylene biosynthesis, senescence or fruit development, e.g. modified tomato ripening, cut flower shelf-life	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,276
C12N15/8262	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield involving plant development	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,230
C12N15/8255	Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving lignin biosynthesis	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,173
C12N15/8231	Male-specific, e.g. anther, tapetum, pollen	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,092
C12N15/68	Stabilisation of the vector	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,086
C12N15/8225	Leaf-specific, e.g. including petioles, stomata	C12N15/00	In the scheme	2,050
C12N15/02	Preparation of hybrid cells by fusion of two or more cells, e.g. protoplast fusion	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,974
C12N15/1072	Differential gene expression library synthesis, e.g. subtracted libraries, differential screening	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,908
C12N15/8269	Photosynthesis	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,885
C12N15/69	Increasing the copy number of the vector	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,865
C12N15/1062	Isolating an individual clone by screening libraries mRNA-Display, e.g. polypeptide and encoding template are connected covalently	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,858
C12N15/905	Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome using homologous recombination in yeast	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,809
C12N5/14	Plant cells	C12N5/10	In the scheme	1,771
C12N15/1024	In vivo mutagenesis using high mutation rate "mutator" host strains by inserting genetic material, e.g. encoding an error prone polymerase, disrupting a gene for mismatch repair	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,734
C12N15/8212	Colour markers, e.g. beta-glucoronidase [GUS], green fluorescent protein [GFP], carotenoid	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,727
C12N15/8221	Transit peptides	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,723
C12N15/73	Expression systems using phage (lambda) regulatory sequences	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,713
C12N15/8217	Gene switch	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,712
C12N15/72	Expression systems using regulatory sequences derived from the lac-operon	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,673
C12N15/8202	Methods for introducing genetic material into plant cells, e.g. DNA, RNA, stable or transient incorporation, tissue culture methods adapted for transformation by biological means, e.g. cell mediated or natural vector	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,644
C12N15/71	Expression systems using regulatory sequences derived from the trp-operon	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,601
C12N2015/8527	Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells for producing genetically modified animals, e.g. transgenic for producing animal models, e.g. for tests or diseases	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,565
C12N15/821	Non-antibiotic resistance markers, e.g. morphogenetic, metabolic markers	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,544
C12N15/8266	Abscission; Dehiscence; Senescence	C12N15/00	In the scheme	1,537

Match: Direct

The capability is itself a technology or a kind of physical system, and the classification names it. CRISPR is tagged only in CPC; the IPC entries for modified micro-organisms (C12N1/15 to 1/21) are absent from the scheme. The crosswalk is a first pass that nobody has reviewed.

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