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Critical Technology

AI Safety, Security & Evaluation

The capacity to evaluate, secure and align AI systems: testing and evaluation, robustness against attack and misuse, and the standing institutions that assess frontier models. One of the capabilities of Artificial Intelligence.

International families
1,2062015 to 2024
Leading country
United States1.3× the next
All families
3,127home filings included
Over five years
Rising2020 to 2024 against the five before

Year by year

Patent families by country of origin and the year of the earliest filing, 2000 to 2025; 2025 is a part year, still filling in. International families are those for which protection was sought beyond one country.

Volume

International patent families in the capability, by the year of the earliest filing.

Source: Global Institute for National Capability (GINC), 2026. Underlying patents from 107 patent offices, IFI CLAIMS and Google

Share by country

Each country's share of the year's international families, in per cent: the capability's five largest countries of origin, 2015 to 2024, and the rest of the world.

Source: Global Institute for National Capability (GINC), 2026. Underlying patents from 107 patent offices, IFI CLAIMS and Google

Country leaderboard

International patent families, 2015 to 2024, by country of origin. Growth compares the latest five full years with the five before.

Ten largest

United States

Japan

China

Germany

South Korea

Canada

Sweden

France

India

Taiwan

382

287

131

120

54

27

23

20

15

14

2000 to 2025
1United States38231.7%1.6×
1,113
2Japan28723.8%2.0×
323
3China13110.9%5.0×
1,075
4Germany12010.0%5.0×
152
5South Korea544.5%2.9×
140
6Canada272.2%2.0×
35
7Sweden231.9%6.7×
24
8France201.7%1.9×
29
9India151.2%2.0×
27
10Taiwan141.2%1.0×
16
11United Kingdom131.1%3.3×
22
12Switzerland131.1%3.3×
14
13Finland121.0%1.0×
13
14Ireland121.0%0.7×
33
15Singapore100.8%4.0×
12
16Israel90.7%8.0×
19
17Netherlands70.6%0.8×
9
18Portugal70.6%–
10
19Belgium60.5%5.0×
6
20Türkiye50.4%–
5
21Spain40.3%1.0×
5
22Cayman Islands40.3%1.0×
5
23Australia30.2%2.0×
3
24Denmark20.2%–
2
25Hong Kong20.2%1.0×
2
26Luxembourg20.2%1.0×
2
27Italy10.1%–
2
28Austria10.1%–
1
29Norway10.1%–
1
30Brazil10.1%0.0×
1
31Poland10.1%0.0×
2
32Mexico00.0%–
1
33Hungary00.0%–
1

Applicants

The largest applicants by international patent families, 2015 to 2024: across the world, then within each of the five countries with the most families in AI Safety, Security & Evaluation. Names are as held in the source and are not consolidated across subsidiaries.

Global

1,206 international families

FUJITSU LTD · Japan

NEC CORP · Japan

SIEMENS AG · Germany

BOSCH GMBH ROBERT · Germany

HUAWEI TECH CO LTD · China

IBM · United States

73

46

40

37

36

33

United States

382 international families

IBM

MICROSOFT TECHNOLOGY LICENSING LLC

GOOGLE LLC

ORACLE INT CORP

EQUIFAX INC

INTEL CORP

33

28

13

12

9

9

Japan

287 international families

FUJITSU LTD

NEC CORP

HITACHI LTD

SONY GROUP CORP

MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORP

FANUC CORP

72

40

29

14

13

11

China

131 international families

HUAWEI TECH CO LTD

HONOR DEVICE CO LTD

RONGYAO TERMINAL CO LTD

BEIJING BAIDU NETCOM SCI & TECH CO LTD

BEIJING BAIDU NETCOM SCI & TEC

ALIPAY HANGZHOU INF TECH CO LTD

35

7

7

6

5

4

Germany

120 international families

SIEMENS AG

BOSCH GMBH ROBERT

ROBERT BOSCH CO LTD

NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH

SAP SE

ROBERT BOSCH CO LIMITED

38

37

11

8

8

6

South Korea

54 international families

SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO LTD

FOUNDATION SOONGSIL UNIV INDUSTRY COOPERATION

HYUNDAI MOTOR CO LTD

CJ NETWORKS CO LTD

CJ OLIVENETWORKS CO LTD

ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATIONS RES INST

6

3

3

2

2

2

Similar capabilities

The nine capabilities that share the most international patent families with AI Safety, Security & Evaluation, 2015 to 2024: the families counted in both as a share of those counted in either. Each card shows its five largest countries.

Critical Technology

Machine Learning & Foundation Models

0.9% shared · 1,011 families in both

United States

China

South Korea

Japan

Germany

32,358

20,768

15,108

13,257

5,948

Strategic Infrastructure

AI Tools & Applications

0.5% shared · 1,206 families in both

United States

China

Japan

South Korea

Germany

59,104

48,655

39,220

27,537

12,086

Financial Strength

Financial Integrity & Illicit Finance Control

0.5% shared · 16 families in both

United States

China

Japan

South Korea

Canada

1,064

181

104

84

67

Financial Strength

Banking System Capacity

0.5% shared · 29 families in both

United States

China

Japan

South Korea

Canada

1,677

722

638

486

297

Critical Technology

Applied AI & Advanced Analytics

0.5% shared · 985 families in both

United States

China

Japan

South Korea

Germany

52,577

44,684

37,272

22,879

11,142

Strategic Infrastructure

Banks, Insurers & Systemic Institutions

0.4% shared · 38 families in both

United States

China

Japan

South Korea

Canada

2,907

1,531

1,087

813

421

Governance & Integrity

Access to Justice & Legal Services

0.4% shared · 12 families in both

United States

Japan

South Korea

China

Canada

584

369

224

199

60

Strategic Infrastructure

Justice & Corrections

0.3% shared · 12 families in both

United States

Japan

South Korea

China

Canada

667

396

245

243

79

Financial Strength

Revenue Mobilisation & Tax Administration

0.3% shared · 9 families in both

United States

Japan

China

South Korea

Canada

529

216

207

74

45

Crosswalk

How AI Safety, Security & Evaluation is matched to the patent classifications. The entries below were chosen for it; each stands for itself and everything beneath it in the scheme, 1 Cooperative entries in all. A patent family counts when any of its codes, in either scheme and at any office, falls under one of them. Codes since retired are placed under the entries that replaced them.

EntryTitle in the schemeWhy it is chosenCPC codesIPC codesDocuments
G06N5/045Explanation of inference; Explainable artificial intelligence [XAI]; Interpretable artificial intelligenceExplainable and interpretable AI1110,839

CPC and IPC codes are the codes in use on patent documents, at any office, that fall under the entry. Documents is the larger of the two schemes' counts of documents carrying one of them. An entry with no IPC codes can be told apart only in the Cooperative scheme.

The Cooperative codes in use that count towards AI Safety, Security & Evaluation: 1 codes on 10,839 documents. The full crosswalk is in the cpc-to-capability.csv download.

CodeTitleUnder entryHow placedDocuments
G06N5/045Explanation of inference; Explainable artificial intelligence [XAI]; Interpretable artificial intelligenceG06N5/045In the scheme10,839
Match: Through its tools
The classification names the equipment or technology the capability draws on, not the capability. The count says how much is being invented for it, not how well it is done. The scheme has no entry for AI evaluation, robustness or alignment; explainability is the only adjacent entry, and adversarial learning (G06N3/094) was rejected as mostly generative-network training. The crosswalk is a first pass that nobody has reviewed.

Other capabilities in Artificial Intelligence