Critical Technology

Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels

The capacity to produce, carry and use hydrogen, ammonia and sustainable fuels, electrolysis, synthesis, storage and end use, as energy carriers at national scale. One of the capabilities of Energy Technologies.

International families: 38k2015 to 2024
Leading country: Japan1.4× the next
All families: 144khome filings included
Over five years: Rising2020 to 2024 against the five before

Year by year

Patent families by country of origin and the year of the earliest filing, 2000 to 2025; 2025 is a part year, still filling in. International families are those for which protection was sought beyond one country.

Volume

International patent families in the capability, by the year of the earliest filing.

Source: Global Institute for National Capability (GINC), 2026. Underlying patents from 107 patent offices, IFI CLAIMS and Google

Share by country

Each country's share of the year's international families, in per cent: the capability's five largest countries of origin, 2015 to 2024, and the rest of the world.

Source: Global Institute for National Capability (GINC), 2026. Underlying patents from 107 patent offices, IFI CLAIMS and Google

Country leaderboard

International patent families, 2015 to 2024, by country of origin. Growth compares the latest five full years with the five before.

Ten largest

Japan

United States

Germany

South Korea

China

France

United Kingdom

Denmark

Netherlands

Canada

8,805

6,231

5,748

4,176

2,470

2,209

1,127

722

665

574


1	Japan	8,805	23.2%	1.1×	20,878
2	United States	6,231	16.4%	1.4×	8,854
3	Germany	5,748	15.1%	2.4×	9,709
4	South Korea	4,176	11.0%	1.7×	14,963
5	China	2,470	6.5%	2.8×	75,303
6	France	2,209	5.8%	1.9×	2,696
7	United Kingdom	1,127	3.0%	2.3×	1,307
8	Denmark	722	1.9%	1.9×	785
9	Netherlands	665	1.8%	0.9×	725
10	Canada	574	1.5%	1.7×	693
11	Italy	495	1.3%	2.3×	612
12	Austria	447	1.2%	2.5×	571
13	Switzerland	446	1.2%	1.9×	499
14	Sweden	399	1.1%	4.0×	432
15	Taiwan	332	0.9%	1.0×	795
16	Finland	328	0.9%	1.2×	360
17	Australia	302	0.8%	2.0×	340
18	India	278	0.7%	1.7×	335
19	Saudi Arabia	277	0.7%	1.8×	482
20	Spain	233	0.6%	1.7×	280
21	Belgium	231	0.6%	1.9×	254
22	Israel	181	0.5%	1.3×	207
23	Singapore	154	0.4%	2.5×	168
24	Norway	153	0.4%	2.2×	163
25	Brazil	98	0.3%	1.2×	309
26	Luxembourg	90	0.2%	6.5×	94
27	Türkiye	87	0.2%	3.4×	144
28	Russia	65	0.2%	1.8×	483
29	Poland	51	0.1%	1.7×	222
30	Hungary	46	0.1%	1.0×	62
31	Ireland	39	0.1%	1.3×	44
32	South Africa	39	0.1%	0.6×	40
33	Portugal	35	0.1%	1.9×	42
34	Mexico	34	0.1%	0.5×	139
35	Malaysia	34	0.1%	1.4×	63
36	Hong Kong	28	0.1%	27×	49
37	New Zealand	27	0.1%	1.5×	27
38	Czechia	21	0.1%	2.5×	36
39	Liechtenstein	5	0.0%	4.0×	6
40	Cayman Islands	4	0.0%	0.3×	8

Applicants

The largest applicants by international patent families, 2015 to 2024: across the world, then within each of the five countries with the most families in Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels. Names are as held in the source and are not consolidated across subsidiaries.

Global

37,963 international families

BOSCH GMBH ROBERT · Germany

TOYOTA MOTOR CORP · Japan

TOYOTA MOTOR CO LTD · Japan

HYUNDAI MOTOR CO LTD · South Korea

HONDA MOTOR CO LTD · Japan

KIA CORP · South Korea

1,849

1,475

1,457

1,336

958

904

Japan

8,805 international families

TOYOTA MOTOR CORP

TOYOTA MOTOR CO LTD

HONDA MOTOR CO LTD

PANASONIC IP MAN CO LTD

TOSHIBA KK

SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES

1,461

1,444

947

455

277

230

United States

6,231 international families

GM GLOBAL TECH OPERATIONS LLC

UOP LLC

BLOOM ENERGY CORP

AIR PROD & CHEM

UNIV CALIFORNIA

CHEVRON USA INC

208

187

139

122

109

108

Germany

5,748 international families

BOSCH GMBH ROBERT

ROBERT BOSCH CO LTD

SIEMENS ENERGY GLOBAL GMBH & CO KG

BASF SE

LINDE GMBH

AUDI AG

1,782

503

284

216

204

195

South Korea

4,176 international families

HYUNDAI MOTOR CO LTD

KIA CORP

KIA MOTORS CORP

KOLON INC

LG CHEMICAL LTD

KOREA INST SCI & TECH

1,335

904

847

244

199

157

China

China

Japan

South Korea

Germany

25,142

10,048

9,595

4,747

3,497

Crosswalk

How Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels is matched to the patent classifications. The entries below were chosen for it; each stands for itself and everything beneath it in the scheme, 546 Cooperative entries in all. A patent family counts when any of its codes, in either scheme and at any office, falls under one of them. Codes since retired are placed under the entries that replaced them.

Entry	Title in the scheme	Why it is chosen	CPC codes	IPC codes	Documents
C25B1/04	Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water	Hydrogen by electrolysis of water	3	3	79,383
C25B9/00	Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features	Electrolyser cells and stacks	51	33	162,898
C25B11/00	Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for	Electrolyser electrodes	71	52	165,545
C25B15/00	Operating or servicing cells	Operating and servicing electrolysers	16	12	92,832
C01B3/00	Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen	Hydrogen production, purification and reversible storage	81	64	267,480
Y02E60/32	Hydrogen storage	Hydrogen storage	1	none	68,272
C01C1/04	Preparation of ammonia by synthesis	Ammonia synthesis	17	1	19,882
H01M8/00	Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof	Fuel cells	323	166	1,647,441
H01M2250/00	Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system	Fuel cell applications and system features	8	none	64,072
F02M21/0206	Non-hydrocarbon fuels, e.g. hydrogen, ammonia or carbon monoxide	Feeding engines with hydrogen or ammonia	1	1	6,321
C10G2/00	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon	Synthetic liquid fuels from carbon oxides, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch	17	1	42,727
C10G3/00	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids	Hydrocarbon fuels from fats, oils and other biomass	17	2	57,975
C10L1/02	Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only	Oxygenated liquid fuels such as biodiesel and alcohol blends	3	1	30,887
C12P7/06	Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage	Fuel ethanol by fermentation	6	5	51,672

CPC and IPC codes are the codes in use on patent documents, at any office, that fall under the entry. Documents is the larger of the two schemes' counts of documents carrying one of them. An entry with no IPC codes can be told apart only in the Cooperative scheme.

The Cooperative codes in use that count towards Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels: 615 codes on 2,757,387 documents. The 150 most used are listed; the full list is in the cpc-to-capability.csv download.

Code	Title	Under entry	How placed	Documents
C25B1/04	Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water	C25B1/04	In the scheme	71,754
Y02E60/32	Hydrogen storage	Y02E60/32	In the scheme	68,272
H01M2008/1095	Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes	H01M8/00	In the scheme	61,917
H01M2250/20	Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane	H01M2250/00	In the scheme	45,214
H01M8/1004	Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]	H01M8/00	In the scheme	36,863
H01M2008/1293	Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes	H01M8/00	In the scheme	34,107
H01M8/04089	Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants	H01M8/00	In the scheme	32,423
H01M8/04201	Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes	H01M8/00	In the scheme	27,676
H01M8/04753	Pressure; Flow of fuel cell reactants	H01M8/00	In the scheme	24,861
C25B9/19	Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms	C25B9/00	In the scheme	24,410
H01M8/04	Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids	H01M8/00	In the scheme	24,285
H01M8/0258	Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant	H01M8/00	In the scheme	23,291
H01M8/02	Details	H01M8/00	In the scheme	22,915
C25B15/08	Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes	C25B15/00	In the scheme	22,461
H01M8/188	Regeneration by electrochemical means by recharging of redox couples containing fluids; Redox flow type batteries	H01M8/00	In the scheme	21,562
H01M8/2483	Details of groupings of fuel cells characterised by internal manifolds	H01M8/00	In the scheme	21,384
H01M8/04029	Heat exchange using liquids	H01M8/00	In the scheme	19,804
C25B9/23	Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded	C25B9/00	In the scheme	19,089
C12P7/10	Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material	C12P7/06	In the scheme	18,668
H01M8/0267	Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors having heating or cooling means, e.g. heaters or coolant flow channels	H01M8/00	In the scheme	18,272
H01M8/10	Fuel cells with solid electrolytes	H01M8/00	In the scheme	17,755
H01M8/0273	Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes with sealing or supporting means in the form of a frame	H01M8/00	In the scheme	17,597
C12P7/06	Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage	C12P7/06	In the scheme	17,437
C01B3/38	Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts	C01B3/00	In the scheme	17,146
H01M8/0662	Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning	H01M8/00	In the scheme	16,660
C25B11/091	Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds	C25B11/00	In the scheme	16,237
H01M8/04097	Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with recycling of the reactants	H01M8/00	In the scheme	16,042
C25B15/02	Process control or regulation	C25B15/00	In the scheme	15,721
H01M8/04007	Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange	H01M8/00	In the scheme	15,625
H01M8/241	Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes	H01M8/00	In the scheme	15,396
H01M8/0228	Composites in the form of layered or coated products	H01M8/00	In the scheme	15,195
H01M8/0247	Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the form	H01M8/00	In the scheme	14,982
H01M8/04014	Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants	H01M8/00	In the scheme	14,880
H01M8/0618	Reforming processes, e.g. autothermal, partial oxidation or steam reforming	H01M8/00	In the scheme	14,689
H01M8/0612	Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material	H01M8/00	In the scheme	14,411
H01M8/0206	Metals or alloys	H01M8/00	In the scheme	14,312
C25B9/65	Means for supplying current; Electrode connections; Electric inter-cell connections	C25B9/00	In the scheme	14,224
H01M8/0271	Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes	H01M8/00	In the scheme	14,195
C10L1/02	Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only	C10L1/02	In the scheme	14,117
C01B3/384	Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts with external heating of the catalyst	C01B3/00	In the scheme	13,949
C25B9/77	Assemblies comprising two or more cells of the filter-press type having diaphragms	C25B9/00	In the scheme	13,143
H01M8/1039	Polymeric electrolyte materials halogenated, e.g. sulfonated polyvinylidene fluorides	H01M8/00	In the scheme	12,911
H01M8/2457	Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised	H01M8/00	In the scheme	12,405
C01B3/48	Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide	C01B3/00	In the scheme	12,236
H01M8/2475	Enclosures, casings or containers of fuel cell stacks	H01M8/00	In the scheme	12,183
H01M8/04992	Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence	H01M8/00	In the scheme	12,119
C25B9/70	Assemblies comprising two or more cells	C25B9/00	In the scheme	11,979
C01B3/56	Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by contacting with solids; Regeneration of used solids	C01B3/00	In the scheme	11,812
C01B3/382	Processes with two or more reaction steps, of which at least one is catalytic, e.g. steam reforming and partial oxidation	C01B3/00	In the scheme	11,777
C25B9/00	Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features	C25B9/00	In the scheme	11,724
H01M8/1023	Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes	H01M8/00	In the scheme	11,562
C10G3/50	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids in the presence of hydrogen, hydrogen donors or hydrogen generating compounds	C10G3/00	In the scheme	11,548
H01M8/2465	Details of groupings of fuel cells	H01M8/00	In the scheme	11,515
H01M8/12	Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte	H01M8/00	In the scheme	11,367
C10L1/026	Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition	C10L1/02	In the scheme	11,147
H01M8/1011	Direct alcohol fuel cells [DAFC], e.g. direct methanol fuel cells [DMFC]	H01M8/00	In the scheme	11,025
H01M8/04225	Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during start-up	H01M8/00	In the scheme	10,961
H01M8/04559	Voltage of fuel cell stacks	H01M8/00	In the scheme	10,373
H01M8/1007	Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised	H01M8/00	In the scheme	10,264
C25B11/02	Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form	C25B11/00	In the scheme	10,192
C01B3/40	Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts characterised by the catalyst	C01B3/00	In the scheme	10,150
H01M8/04074	Heat exchange unit structures specially adapted for fuel cell	H01M8/00	In the scheme	10,027
C01B3/34	Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents	C01B3/00	In the scheme	10,024
H01M8/04022	Heating by combustion	H01M8/00	In the scheme	9,905
C25B11/031	Porous electrodes	C25B11/00	In the scheme	9,896
C25B9/73	Assemblies comprising two or more cells of the filter-press type	C25B9/00	In the scheme	9,891
H01M8/026	Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant characterised by grooves, e.g. their pitch or depth	H01M8/00	In the scheme	9,837
H01M8/24	Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells	H01M8/00	In the scheme	9,736
H01M8/0245	Composites in the form of layered or coated products	H01M8/00	In the scheme	9,726
H01M8/04156	Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal	H01M8/00	In the scheme	9,658
H01M8/0234	Carbonaceous material	H01M8/00	In the scheme	9,639
H01M8/249	Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells comprising two or more groupings of fuel cells, e.g. modular assemblies	H01M8/00	In the scheme	9,593
H01M8/04302	Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during start-up	H01M8/00	In the scheme	9,580
H01M8/0432	Temperature; Ambient temperature	H01M8/00	In the scheme	9,327
C01B3/042	Decomposition of water	C01B3/00	In the scheme	9,282
C25B9/75	Assemblies comprising two or more cells of the filter-press type having bipolar electrodes	C25B9/00	In the scheme	9,272
C10G2/32	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts	C10G2/00	In the scheme	9,162
H01M8/2432	Grouping of unit cells of planar configuration	H01M8/00	In the scheme	9,143
H01M8/04186	Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of liquid-charged or electrolyte-charged reactants	H01M8/00	In the scheme	9,117
H01M8/0263	Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant having meandering or serpentine paths	H01M8/00	In the scheme	9,113
C01B3/36	Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using oxygen; using mixtures containing oxygen as gasifying agents	C01B3/00	In the scheme	9,063
C25B11/04	Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material	C25B11/00	In the scheme	8,893
H01M8/0202	Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors	H01M8/00	In the scheme	8,758
H01M8/0276	Sealing means characterised by their form	H01M8/00	In the scheme	8,752
H01M8/04291	Arrangements for managing water in solid electrolyte fuel cell systems	H01M8/00	In the scheme	8,657
C25B9/60	Constructional parts of cells	C25B9/00	In the scheme	8,549
C10G2/332	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals of the iron-group	C10G2/00	In the scheme	8,367
H01M8/06	Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues	H01M8/00	In the scheme	8,360
C25B9/17	Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof	C25B9/00	In the scheme	8,315
H01M8/242	Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes comprising framed electrodes or intermediary frame-like gaskets	H01M8/00	In the scheme	8,310
H01M8/0232	Metals or alloys	H01M8/00	In the scheme	8,293
C25B15/083	Separating products	C25B15/00	In the scheme	8,269
C25B15/00	Operating or servicing cells	C25B15/00	In the scheme	8,264
C25B11/075	Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound	C25B11/00	In the scheme	8,158
C25B11/052	Electrodes comprising one or more electrocatalytic coatings on a substrate	C25B11/00	In the scheme	8,141
H01M8/248	Means for compression of the fuel cell stacks	H01M8/00	In the scheme	8,138
H01M8/2484	Details of groupings of fuel cells characterised by external manifolds	H01M8/00	In the scheme	8,091
H01M8/0297	Arrangements for joining electrodes, reservoir layers, heat exchange units or bipolar separators to each other	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,949
H01M8/04388	Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow of anode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,824
C01B3/16	Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen with inorganic reducing agents by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide using catalysts	C01B3/00	In the scheme	7,820
H01M8/04955	Shut-off or shut-down of fuel cells	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,753
C10G3/49	Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used further characterised by the catalyst support containing crystalline aluminosilicates, e.g. molecular sieves	C10G3/00	In the scheme	7,726
H01M8/1018	Polymeric electrolyte materials	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,662
H01M8/04164	Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal by condensers, gas-liquid separators or filters	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,636
H01M8/04067	Heat exchange or temperature measuring elements, thermal insulation, e.g. heat pipes, heat pumps, fins	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,529
C01B3/50	Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification	C01B3/00	In the scheme	7,456
H01M8/0213	Gas-impermeable carbon-containing materials	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,450
H01M8/04208	Cartridges, cryogenic media or cryogenic reservoirs	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,443
H01M8/1213	Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the electrode/electrolyte combination or the supporting material	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,426
H01M8/1246	Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,416
H01M8/1027	Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having carbon, oxygen and other atoms, e.g. sulfonated polyethersulfones [S-PES]	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,408
H01M8/04231	Purging of the reactants	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,327
H01M8/103	Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having nitrogen, e.g. sulfonated polybenzimidazoles [S-PBI], polybenzimidazoles with phosphoric acid, sulfonated polyamides [S-PA] or sulfonated polyphosphazenes [S-PPh]	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,325
C01B3/02	Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen	C01B3/00	In the scheme	7,225
H01M8/0286	Processes for forming seals	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,110
H01M8/0494	Power, energy, capacity or load of fuel cell stacks	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,076
H01M8/04589	Current of fuel cell stacks	H01M8/00	In the scheme	7,041
H01M8/0668	Removal of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,997
H01M8/04228	Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during shut-down	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,977
H01M8/16	Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,862
H01M8/04776	Pressure; Flow at auxiliary devices, e.g. reformer, compressor, burner	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,771
H01M8/1032	Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having sulfur, e.g. sulfonated-polyethersulfones [S-PES]	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,768
H01M8/2425	High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,753
H01M8/2404	Processes or apparatus for grouping fuel cells	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,740
C01B3/386	Catalytic partial combustion	C01B3/00	In the scheme	6,691
H01M8/0656	Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants by electrochemical means	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,683
C25B15/023	Measuring, analysing or testing during electrolytic production	C25B15/00	In the scheme	6,548
C12P7/065	Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage with microorganisms other than yeasts	C12P7/06	In the scheme	6,540
H01M8/04119	Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,531
C25B11/093	Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one noble metal or noble metal oxide and at least one non-noble metal oxide	C25B11/00	In the scheme	6,517
H01M8/04303	Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during shut-down	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,414
H01M8/04126	Humidifying	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,385
C25B15/081	Supplying products to non-electrochemical reactors that are combined with the electrochemical cell, e.g. Sabatier reactor	C25B15/00	In the scheme	6,344
F02M21/0206	Non-hydrocarbon fuels, e.g. hydrogen, ammonia or carbon monoxide	F02M21/0206	In the scheme	6,321
H01M8/0284	Organic resins; Organic polymers	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,298
H01M8/0221	Organic resins; Organic polymers	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,280
C25B11/051	Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier	C25B11/00	In the scheme	6,265
C01B3/26	Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds of hydrocarbons using catalysts	C01B3/00	In the scheme	6,259
H01M8/247	Arrangements for tightening a stack, for accommodation of a stack in a tank or for assembling different tanks	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,241
H01M8/0254	Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the form corrugated or undulated	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,186
H01M8/1025	Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon and oxygen, e.g. polyethers, sulfonated polyetheretherketones [S-PEEK], sulfonated polysaccharides, sulfonated celluloses or sulfonated polyesters	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,180
H01M8/021	Alloys based on iron	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,078
H01M8/04111	Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants using a compressor turbine assembly	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,016
H01M2008/147	Fuel cells with molten carbonates	H01M8/00	In the scheme	6,007
C25B11/061	Metal or alloy	C25B11/00	In the scheme	5,984
H01M8/04268	Heating of fuel cells during the start-up of the fuel cells	H01M8/00	In the scheme	5,965
C10G3/00	Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids	C10G3/00	In the scheme	5,931
H01M8/2485	Arrangements for sealing external manifolds; Arrangements for mounting external manifolds around a stack	H01M8/00	In the scheme	5,921
H01M8/1067	Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by their physical properties, e.g. porosity, ionic conductivity or thickness	H01M8/00	In the scheme	5,899
H01M8/18	Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells	H01M8/00	In the scheme	5,877

Match: Direct

The capability is itself a technology or a kind of physical system, and the classification names it. Electrolyser cell, electrode and operation entries (C25B9, C25B11, C25B15) also cover other electrolysis such as chlor-alkali; hydrogen storage and engine feeding are CPC only. The crosswalk is a first pass that nobody has reviewed.

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