Strategic Infrastructure

Materials & Inputs

Materials and inputs covers the production of industrial materials and inputs, including cement works, industrial minerals and downstream metal products such as rolled and fabricated steel. One of the capabilities of Advanced Manufacturing.

International families: 38k2015 to 2024
Leading country: Japan2.2× the next
All families: 293khome filings included
Over five years: Steady2020 to 2024 against the five before

Year by year

Patent families by country of origin and the year of the earliest filing, 2000 to 2025; 2025 is a part year, still filling in. International families are those for which protection was sought beyond one country.

Volume

International patent families in the capability, by the year of the earliest filing.

Source: Global Institute for National Capability (GINC), 2026. Underlying patents from 107 patent offices, IFI CLAIMS and Google

Share by country

Each country's share of the year's international families, in per cent: the capability's five largest countries of origin, 2015 to 2024, and the rest of the world.

Source: Global Institute for National Capability (GINC), 2026. Underlying patents from 107 patent offices, IFI CLAIMS and Google

Country leaderboard

International patent families, 2015 to 2024, by country of origin. Growth compares the latest five full years with the five before.

Ten largest

Japan

China

United States

Germany

South Korea

France

Italy

Austria

Switzerland

Luxembourg

11,795

5,251

4,931

4,375

3,506

1,324

738

677

673

537


1	Japan	11,795	30.7%	0.9×	26,865
2	China	5,251	13.7%	1.8×	221,482
3	United States	4,931	12.8%	0.7×	6,530
4	Germany	4,375	11.4%	0.9×	5,874
5	South Korea	3,506	9.1%	0.9×	17,317
6	France	1,324	3.4%	0.9×	1,568
7	Italy	738	1.9%	1.2×	1,040
8	Austria	677	1.8%	1.0×	749
9	Switzerland	673	1.8%	1.3×	757
10	Luxembourg	537	1.4%	1.4×	551
11	Belgium	417	1.1%	1.1×	471
12	Sweden	379	1.0%	1.1×	433
13	United Kingdom	369	1.0%	0.8×	453
14	Netherlands	342	0.9%	0.9×	382
15	Taiwan	311	0.8%	0.8×	1,141
16	Canada	291	0.8%	0.9×	382
17	Türkiye	233	0.6%	1.6×	480
18	Spain	192	0.5%	0.9×	241
19	India	183	0.5%	0.9×	242
20	Australia	175	0.5%	1.0×	223
21	Finland	172	0.4%	0.9×	192
22	Saudi Arabia	127	0.3%	0.8×	227
23	Denmark	114	0.3%	1.7×	120
24	Russia	114	0.3%	0.5×	2,466
25	Norway	109	0.3%	0.7×	116
26	Poland	108	0.3%	1.3×	913
27	Liechtenstein	100	0.3%	1.4×	102
28	Brazil	85	0.2%	1.0×	323
29	Czechia	74	0.2%	0.6×	147
30	Singapore	67	0.2%	1.0×	72
31	Israel	58	0.2%	1.3×	72
32	Mexico	57	0.1%	0.6×	171
33	Hong Kong	38	0.1%	0.9×	56
34	Ireland	36	0.1%	1.8×	39
35	Portugal	36	0.1%	1.4×	48
36	South Africa	31	0.1%	1.2×	31
37	Malaysia	16	0.0%	0.5×	53
38	Hungary	16	0.0%	0.6×	27
39	New Zealand	15	0.0%	2.0×	17
40	Cayman Islands	10	0.0%	9.0×	12

Applicants

The largest applicants by international patent families, 2015 to 2024: across the world, then within each of the five countries with the most families in Materials & Inputs. Names are as held in the source and are not consolidated across subsidiaries.

Global

38,377 international families

NIPPON STEEL CORP · Japan

JFE STEEL CORP · Japan

NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORP · Japan

POSCO CO LTD · South Korea

CORNING INC · United States

POSCO · South Korea

2,175

2,068

1,400

1,138

1,091

1,084

Japan

11,795 international families

NIPPON STEEL CORP

JFE STEEL CORP

NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORP

NIPPON ELECTRIC GLASS CO

AGC INC

KOBE STEEL LTD

2,175

2,064

1,400

595

387

321

China

5,251 international families

BAOSHAN IRON & STEEL

NANJING IRON & STEEL CO LTD

UNIV NORTHEASTERN

JIANGSU SHAGANG GROUP CO LTD

JIANGSU SHAGANG INST RES IRON & STEEL

UNIV BEIJING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

450

167

United States

4,931 international families

CORNING INC

HALLIBURTON ENERGY SERVICES INC

GM GLOBAL TECH OPERATIONS LLC

NOVELIS INC

OWENS BROCKWAY GLASS CONTAINER

UNITED STATES GYPSUM CO

1,084

178

154

118

Germany

4,375 international families

SMS GROUP GMBH

THYSSENKRUPP STEEL EUROPE AG

SCHOTT AG

THYSSENKRUPP AG

HERAEUS QUARZGLAS

THYSSENKRUPP IND SOLUTIONS AG

627

329

283

252

105

South Korea

3,506 international families

POSCO CO LTD

POSCO

1.8% shared · 835 families in both

Japan

China

United States

South Korea

Germany

2,305

1,800

1,307

1,130

383

Crosswalk

How Materials & Inputs is matched to the patent classifications. The entries below were chosen for it; each stands for itself and everything beneath it in the scheme, 2,358 Cooperative entries in all. A patent family counts when any of its codes, in either scheme and at any office, falls under one of them. Codes since retired are placed under the entries that replaced them.

Entry	Title in the scheme	Why it is chosen	CPC codes	IPC codes	Documents
C04B7/00	Hydraulic cements	Hydraulic cements and their manufacture	74	35	97,629
C04B2/00	Lime, magnesia or dolomite	Lime, magnesia and dolomite	15	7	19,280
C04B11/00	Calcium sulfate cements	Gypsum and calcium sulfate cements	26	11	17,578
C04B28/00	Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements	Concrete and mortar compositions	54	19	298,915
C21C	Processing of pig-iron, e.g. refining, manufacture of wrought-iron or steel; treatment in molten state of ferrous alloys	Steelmaking and refining of pig iron	114	37	314,791
C21D	Modifying the physical structure of ferrous metals; general devices for heat treatment of ferrous or non-ferrous metals or alloys; making metal malleable, e.g. by decarburisation or tempering	Heat treatment of steel and other metals	254	142	1,468,713
C22C38/00	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys	Steel and other ferrous alloys	38	31	1,697,885
B21B	Rolling of metal	Rolling of metal	484	202	644,165
B21C	Manufacture of metal sheets, wire, rods, tubes, profiles or like semi-manufactured products otherwise than by rolling; auxiliary operations used in connection with metal-working without essentially removing material	Drawing and extrusion of wire, tube and sections	229	122	424,187
B22D11/00	Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths	Continuous casting of metals	143	40	350,661
C23C2/00	Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor	Hot-dip galvanising and similar coating of steel	63	21	253,384
C03B	Manufacture, shaping, or supplementary processes	Manufacture and shaping of glass	874	312	793,207

CPC and IPC codes are the codes in use on patent documents, at any office, that fall under the entry. Documents is the larger of the two schemes' counts of documents carrying one of them. An entry with no IPC codes can be told apart only in the Cooperative scheme.

The Cooperative codes in use that count towards Materials & Inputs: 2,368 codes on 5,908,885 documents. The 150 most used are listed; the full list is in the cpc-to-capability.csv download.

Code	Title	Under entry	How placed	Documents
C22C38/02	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon	C22C38/00	In the scheme	168,925
C22C38/04	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese	C22C38/00	In the scheme	162,541
C22C38/06	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium	C22C38/00	In the scheme	123,807
C22C38/001	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N	C22C38/00	In the scheme	92,330
C22C38/002	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60	C22C38/00	In the scheme	89,055
C22C38/44	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten	C22C38/00	In the scheme	70,914
C21D9/46	Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals	C21D	In the scheme	67,272
C04B28/02	Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates	C04B28/00	In the scheme	62,652
C22C38/12	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium	C22C38/00	In the scheme	62,547
C21D8/0226	Hot rolling	C21D	In the scheme	61,209
C04B28/04	Portland cements	C04B28/00	In the scheme	54,891
C22C38/14	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium	C22C38/00	In the scheme	54,752
C22C38/42	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper	C22C38/00	In the scheme	53,250
C21D8/02	Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips	C21D	In the scheme	51,211
C21D2211/005	Ferrite	C21D	In the scheme	49,760
C22C38/50	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium	C22C38/00	In the scheme	47,147
C22C38/22	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten	C22C38/00	In the scheme	46,276
C22C38/58	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese	C22C38/00	In the scheme	46,270
C21D2211/008	Martensite	C21D	In the scheme	45,892
C22C38/00	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys	C22C38/00	In the scheme	45,778
C21D6/005	Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Mn	C21D	In the scheme	44,588
C22C38/48	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum	C22C38/00	In the scheme	43,963
C21D6/008	Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Si	C21D	In the scheme	42,806
C22C38/46	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium	C22C38/00	In the scheme	42,650
C21D1/18	Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering	C21D	In the scheme	42,156
C23C2/06	Zinc or cadmium or alloys based thereon	C23C2/00	In the scheme	40,533
C22C38/28	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium	C22C38/00	In the scheme	39,781
C22C38/005	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing rare earths, i.e. Sc, Y, Lanthanides	C22C38/00	In the scheme	39,537
C22C38/16	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing copper	C22C38/00	In the scheme	38,665
C22C38/08	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing nickel	C22C38/00	In the scheme	38,524
C22C38/38	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese	C22C38/00	In the scheme	37,712
C22C38/60	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur	C22C38/00	In the scheme	36,400
C21D2211/001	Austenite	C21D	In the scheme	34,936
C22C38/26	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with niobium or tantalum	C22C38/00	In the scheme	34,282
C21D8/0263	Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment following hot rolling	C21D	In the scheme	33,732
C22C38/54	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron	C22C38/00	In the scheme	33,439
C21D8/0236	Cold rolling	C21D	In the scheme	32,706
C22C38/32	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with boron	C22C38/00	In the scheme	32,263
C22C38/18	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium	C22C38/00	In the scheme	32,169
C22C38/24	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium	C22C38/00	In the scheme	31,712
C21D1/26	Methods of annealing	C21D	In the scheme	31,515
C21D2211/002	Bainite	C21D	In the scheme	31,458
C23C2/40	Plates; Strips	C23C2/00	In the scheme	28,148
C21D6/004	Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr and Ni	C21D	In the scheme	26,758
C21D6/002	Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr	C21D	In the scheme	24,584
C22C38/34	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon	C22C38/00	In the scheme	24,495
C22C38/008	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tin	C22C38/00	In the scheme	23,815
C04B28/14	Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing calcium sulfate cements	C04B28/00	In the scheme	23,421
C21D8/00	Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment	C21D	In the scheme	22,929
C22C38/004	Very low carbon steels, i.e. having a carbon content of less than 0,01%	C22C38/00	In the scheme	22,101
C04B28/00	Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements	C04B28/00	In the scheme	21,140
C21D8/0273	Final recrystallisation annealing	C21D	In the scheme	20,307
C21D9/0068	Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for particular articles not mentioned below	C21D	In the scheme	19,825
C22C38/20	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with copper	C22C38/00	In the scheme	19,632
C21D8/0247	Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment	C21D	In the scheme	19,148
B21C51/00	Measuring, gauging, indicating, counting, or marking devices specially adapted for use in the production or manipulation of material in accordance with subclasses B21B - B21F	B21C	In the scheme	19,062
C23C2/28	Thermal after-treatment, e.g. treatment in oil bath	C23C2/00	In the scheme	18,497
C22C38/40	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel	C22C38/00	In the scheme	17,853
C04B28/26	Silicates of the alkali metals	C04B28/00	In the scheme	17,722
C23C2/02	Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas	C23C2/00	In the scheme	17,412
C21D2211/009	Pearlite	C21D	In the scheme	16,095
C21D8/06	Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires	C21D	In the scheme	15,931
C22C38/52	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with cobalt	C22C38/00	In the scheme	15,668
C21C7/10	Handling in a vacuum	C21C	In the scheme	15,329
C21D2211/004	Dispersions; Precipitations	C21D	In the scheme	14,967
C04B28/06	Aluminous cements	C04B28/00	In the scheme	14,809
C21D9/08	Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes	C21D	In the scheme	14,766
C23C2/12	Aluminium or alloys based thereon	C23C2/00	In the scheme	14,225
C23C2/26	After-treatment	C23C2/00	In the scheme	14,114
C23C2/0224	Two or more thermal pretreatments	C23C2/00	In the scheme	14,021
C21D8/1233	Cold rolling	C21D	In the scheme	13,252
C21D11/00	Process control or regulation for heat treatments	C21D	In the scheme	13,245
C21D8/1272	Final recrystallisation annealing	C21D	In the scheme	13,187
C23C2/024	Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas by cleaning or etching	C23C2/00	In the scheme	12,934
C21D8/1222	Hot rolling	C21D	In the scheme	12,807
C21D1/74	Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material	C21D	In the scheme	12,766
C21C7/06	Deoxidising, e.g. killing	C21C	In the scheme	12,714
C21D8/10	Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of tubular bodies	C21D	In the scheme	12,530
C23C2/29	Cooling or quenching	C23C2/00	In the scheme	12,510
C21D8/12	Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties	C21D	In the scheme	12,268
C21D1/76	Adjusting the composition of the atmosphere	C21D	In the scheme	12,250
C22C38/10	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt	C22C38/00	In the scheme	11,979
C21D1/673	Quenching devices for die quenching	C21D	In the scheme	11,695
B22D11/16	Controlling or regulating processes or operations	B22D11/00	In the scheme	11,338
B21B37/74	Temperature control, e.g. by cooling or heating the rolls or the product	B21B	In the scheme	11,262
B21B3/00	Rolling materials of special alloys so far as the composition of the alloy requires or permits special rolling methods or sequences ; Rolling of aluminium, copper, zinc or other non-ferrous metals	B21B	In the scheme	10,616
C21D1/42	Induction heating	C21D	In the scheme	10,614
C21D9/52	Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length	C21D	In the scheme	10,566
B21B1/22	Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling plates, strips, bands or sheets of indefinite length	B21B	In the scheme	10,413
C21D1/25	Hardening, combined with annealing between 300 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius, i.e. heat refining ("Vergüten")	C21D	In the scheme	10,375
C21D8/0278	Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips involving a particular surface treatment	C21D	In the scheme	10,077
C21D9/50	Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for welded joints	C21D	In the scheme	9,807
C21D9/00	Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor	C21D	In the scheme	9,676
C21D7/13	Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by hot working	C21D	In the scheme	9,494
C21D9/48	Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals deep-drawing sheets	C21D	In the scheme	9,110
B22D11/10	Supplying or treating molten metal	B22D11/00	In the scheme	9,017
C21D8/1283	Application of a separating or insulating coating	C21D	In the scheme	8,930
B22D11/0622	Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by two casting wheels	B22D11/00	In the scheme	8,897
C21C7/0006	Adding metallic additives	C21C	In the scheme	8,895
C21D9/0081	Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for slabs; for billets	C21D	In the scheme	8,742
C04B28/08	Slag cements	C04B28/00	In the scheme	8,691
B21B38/00	Methods or devices for measuring, detecting or monitoring specially adapted for metal-rolling mills, e.g. position detection, inspection of the product	B21B	In the scheme	8,667
C03B33/033	Apparatus for opening score lines in glass sheets	C03B	In the scheme	8,625
C21D9/525	Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length for wire, for rods	C21D	In the scheme	8,387
C21D8/0426	Hot rolling	C21D	In the scheme	8,354
B21B45/004	Heating the product	B21B	In the scheme	8,337
C21D1/667	Quenching devices for spray quenching	C21D	In the scheme	8,227
C21D6/00	Heat treatment of ferrous alloys	C21D	In the scheme	8,183
C21D2201/05	Grain orientation	C21D	In the scheme	8,076
C21C7/064	Dephosphorising; Desulfurising	C21C	In the scheme	8,063
C21D8/1261	Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties characterised by the heat treatment following hot rolling	C21D	In the scheme	7,958
C21D6/001	Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Ni	C21D	In the scheme	7,838
C04B28/18	Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing mixtures of the silica-lime type	C04B28/00	In the scheme	7,808
C21D9/0062	Heat-treating apparatus with a cooling or quenching zone	C21D	In the scheme	7,760
C04B28/006	Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing mineral polymers, e.g. geopolymers of the Davidovits type	C04B28/00	In the scheme	7,680
C21D9/40	Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for rings; for bearing races	C21D	In the scheme	7,661
B21B1/26	Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling plates, strips, bands or sheets of indefinite length in a continuous or semi-continuous process by hot-rolling, e.g. Steckel hot mill	B21B	In the scheme	7,646
B21B37/00	Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby	B21B	In the scheme	7,633
C21D8/0436	Cold rolling	C21D	In the scheme	7,572
C04B28/10	Lime cements or magnesium oxide cements	C04B28/00	In the scheme	7,559
C03B17/064	Forming glass sheets by the overflow downdraw fusion process; Isopipes therefor	C03B	In the scheme	7,433
B22D11/115	Treating the molten metal by using agitating or vibrating means by using magnetic fields	B22D11/00	In the scheme	7,415
C21C5/28	Manufacture of steel in the converter	C21C	In the scheme	7,111
C03B32/02	Thermal crystallisation, e.g. for crystallising glass bodies into glass-ceramic articles	C03B	In the scheme	7,100
B22D11/001	Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths of specific alloys	B22D11/00	In the scheme	7,082
C21D1/10	Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation by electric induction	C21D	In the scheme	6,992
C22C38/30	Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with cobalt	C22C38/00	In the scheme	6,920
B21B3/02	Rolling special iron alloys, e.g. stainless steel	B21B	In the scheme	6,888
C21D8/0473	Final recrystallisation annealing	C21D	In the scheme	6,849
C21D7/06	Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface by shot-peening or the like	C21D	In the scheme	6,841
C03B5/235	Heating the glass	C03B	In the scheme	6,791
C21D2221/00	Treating localised areas of an article	C21D	In the scheme	6,776
B22D11/06	Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars	B22D11/00	In the scheme	6,678
C21D1/06	Surface hardening	C21D	In the scheme	6,578
C21D1/19	Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering by interrupted quenching	C21D	In the scheme	6,489
C21C7/072	Treatment with gases	C21C	In the scheme	6,482
C21D6/02	Hardening by precipitation	C21D	In the scheme	6,454
B21C25/02	Dies	B21C	In the scheme	6,341
C21D1/28	Normalising	C21D	In the scheme	6,333
B21B1/463	Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting in a continuous process, i.e. the cast not being cut before rolling	B21B	In the scheme	6,312
B21C37/08	Making tubes with welded or soldered seams	B21C	In the scheme	6,307
C21D9/56	Continuous furnaces for strip or wire	C21D	In the scheme	6,278
C21D11/005	Process control or regulation for heat treatments for cooling	C21D	In the scheme	6,248
C21D8/1255	Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties characterised by the heat treatment with diffusion of elements, e.g. decarburising, nitriding	C21D	In the scheme	6,196
C21C7/0075	Treating in a ladle furnace, e.g. up-/reheating of molten steel within the ladle	C21C	In the scheme	6,195
C21D1/34	Methods of heating	C21D	In the scheme	6,100
C21D6/007	Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Co	C21D	In the scheme	6,082
C21C5/52	Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces	C21C	In the scheme	6,053
C21C7/00	Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00	C21C	In the scheme	6,032
C03B33/03	Glass cutting tables; Apparatus for transporting or handling sheet glass during the cutting or breaking operations	C03B	In the scheme	6,004

Match: Direct

The capability is itself a technology or a kind of physical system, and the classification names it. Advanced ceramics, superalloys and composites are left to Critical Technology. The crosswalk is a first pass that nobody has reviewed.

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